albumin/o
albumin, protein
albuminoid
resembling albumin
azot/o
nitrogenous compounds
azotemia
-nitrogenous compounds in the blood
-(are toxic and death will occur if not removed from the body)
bacteri/o
bacteria (singular, bacterium)
bacteriuria
bacteria in urine
cyst/o
vesic/o
bladder
cystoscope
instrument for examining the bladder
vesicocele
-hernia of the bladder
-also called cystocele
glomerul/o
glomerulus
glomerulopathy
disease of the glomerulus
kal/i
potassium (an electrolyte)
hypokalemia
abnormally low concentration of potassium in the blood
keton/o
ketone bodies (acids and acetones)
ketonuria
-a presence of ketone bodies in the urine
-(commonly found in diabetes mellitus,starvation, and excessive dieting)
lith/o
stone, calculus
Lithotripsy
-crushing of a stone
-(most common method is extracorporeal shock-wavelithotripsy (ESWL),Percutaneous nephrolithotomy or ureteroscopic stone removal are alternatives when stones are large)
meat/o
opening, meatus
meatotomy
-incision of the urinary meatus
-(performed to relieve stenosis of the urethra)
nephr/o
ren/o
kidney
nephropexy
fixation of kidney
renal
pertaining to the kidney
noct/o
night
nocturia
-excessive and frequent urination after going to bed (ass.with prostate disease,UTI, and uncontrolled diabetes)
olig/o
scanty
oliguria
scanty (decreased production) urine
py/o
pus
pyel/o
renal pelvis
pyorrhea
flow or discharge of pus
pyeloplasty
surgical repair of the renal pelvis
ur/o
urine, urinary tract
urolith
stone in the urinary tract
ureter/o
ureter
ureterectasis
dilation of the ureter
urethr/o
urethra
urethrostenosis
narrowing or stricture of the urethra
-genesis
forming, producing, origin
lithogenesis
forming or producing stones
-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specified)
lithiasis
abnormal condition of stones or calculi
-uria
urine
polyuria
-much (excertion of) urine
-(is generally considered excretion 2.5L per 24 hrs.)
dia-
through, across
dialysis
-separation across
-(renal dialysis is a procedure that uses a membrane to separate and selectively remove waste products from blood when kidneys are unable to complete this function)
retro-
backward, behind
Retroperitoneal
pertaining to (the area) behind the peritoneum
Urology
Study of urinary disorders and diseases of the male reproductive system
Urologist
Specialist who treat urinary disorders
Nephrology
Study of diseases of the kidneys, electrolyte imbalance, renal transplantation, and dialysis therapy
Nephrologists
Specialist that treats kidney diseases
Pyelonephritis
-Also called kidney infection or nephritis
-Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis
Nephralgia
Pain in the kidneys
Dysuria
Painful urination
Bacteriuria
bacteria within urine
Pyuria
pus in urine
Hematuria
Blood in urine
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomerular membrane in the nephrons, causing it to become '"leaky" (permeable)
Proteinuria
Protein in urine
Hypertension
high blood pressure
Calculi
Stones
Urolithiasis
Stones in the urinary tract
Nephrolithiasis
stones in the kidneys
Colic
Intense pain
Refluxes
Flows backwards
Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy(ESWL)
uses concentrated ultrasound waves (shock waves) directed at the stones from a machine outside the body
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)
-a surgery in which a small incision in the skin that forms an opening in the kidney is performed, then a nephroscope is inserted into the kidney to locate and remove stones
-If stone is large,ultrasonic or electrohydraulic is used to break apart the ston
Ureteroscopic stone removal
procedure in which a thin viewing instrument (ureteroscope)is inserted into the urethra (the tube that leads from the outside of the body to the bladder)
Then the doctor passes the ureteroscope through the bladder and the ureter, to get to where the kidne
Acute necrosis (ATN)
Tubular portion of the nephron is injured by a decrease in blood supply(ischemic ATN) or after injeston of toxic chemicals(nephrotoxic ATN)
Ischemic ATN
decrease in blood supply to the nephrons
nephrotoxic ATN
injected toxic chemical
Oliguria
scanty(decrease) urine production
hypercalcemia
increased blood levels of calcium
immunotherapy
stimulate the immune symptom to attack bad cells
Cystectomy
removal of the bladder
Intravenous
substance delivered through a vein
Intravesical
substance delivered directly into the bladder
Teletherapy
uses high energy beams directed at the malignancy from a machine outside the body
Brachytherapy
uses high energy beams directed at the malignancy through "seeds" planted within the tumor
Anuria(D&C)
-without (producing) urine
-Obstructive-blockage proximal to the bladder or unobstructed-severe damage to the nephrons of the kidneys
Bladder neck obstruction(BNO)(D&C)
-blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra
-can be caused by benign prostatic hyper-plasia,bladder stones, bladder tumors , or tumors in the pelvic cavity
cystocele(D&C)
-prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between a woman's bladder and vagina
-commonly a result of childbirth, straining with constipation,or heavy lifting
dysuria(D&C)
-difficult or painful urination,commonly described as a "burning sensation"
-commonly caused by UTI
end-stage renal disease(ESRD)(D&C)
-any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function,requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival
-(2 most common types-diabetes and hypertension)
enuresis(D&C)
involuntary urination;also called incontinence
-occurs at night called nocturnal enuresis
-occurs during the day called diurnal enuresis
Fistula(D&C)
-abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another
-most common type-vesicovaginal fistula(a passage forms between the bladder and vagina)
hydronephrosis (D&C)
-abnormal condition of water in the kidney due from an accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract
-when dilation affects the ureter,it is called hydroureter
interstitial cystitis (D&C)
-a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy
-also called painful bladder syndrome
nephrotic syndrome(D&C)
-a condition in which very high levels of plasma protein, usually albumin,are lost in the urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
-hypoproteinemia,edema,and hyperlipidemia are commonly ass. with this syndrome
neurogenic bladder(D&C)
impairment of bladder control due to brain or nerve conduction
polycystic kidney disease(D&C)
a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys
Urgency(D&C)
Sensation of the need to void immediately(UTI)
Vesicoureteral reflux(VUR)(D&C)
-Disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder
-VUR may result in hydronephrosis if obstruction is in the proximal portion of ureter or hydroureter and hydronephrosis if obstruction is at the distal end of ureter
Wilms tumor(D&C)
-Rapidly developing a malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in children
-diagnosis is confirmed by an excretory urogram(EU) with tomography
dialysis(SP)
-a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function
-nitrogenous waste products are collected in a solution called dialysate
hemodialysis dialysis(SP)
an artificial machine receives waste-filled blood,filters the blood,and returns the dialyzed(clean) blood to the patient's bloodstream
peritoneal dialysis(SP)
-Toxic substances are removed from the body by using the perioneal membrane as the filter by perfusing(flushing) the peritoneal cavity with a warm,sterile chemical solution
-the solution remains in the peritoneal cavity for 1-2 hrs. and then removed
Kidney transplant(SP)
Replacement of a diseased kidney with one that is supplied by a compatible donor
nephropexy(SP)
the surgical fixation of a floating or mobile kidney
nephrostomy(SP)
The passage of a tube through the skin and into the renal pelvis to drain urine to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so
Stent placement(SP)
Insertion of a mesh tube into a natural passage conduit in the body to prevent, or counter-react a disease-induced , localized flow constriction
urethral stent placement(SP)
Insertion of thin narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney
Urethrotomy(SP)
Incision of a urethral stricture
electromyography(EMG)(DP)
Measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra
cystoscopy(DP)
-visual examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology,obtaining biopsies of tumors or other growths, and removal of polyps using a specialized endoscope
- a catheter can be inserted to collect tissue samples
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
(LP)
-a blood test that measures the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea
- used to determine kidney function
-An increase in this may indicate renal dysfuction
Culture and sensitivity (C&S)
(LP)
lab test the determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics
Urinalysis(UA)
(LP)
-urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
-UA may also be the 1st indicator of diabetes,liver, and gallbladder disaese
Ultrasonography (US)
(IP)
-High frequency waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected as "echos" to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure
- also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo
Bladder Ultrasonography(IP)
US produces images of the bladder to measure pre- and postvoid residual urine, thus determining bladder volume and, potentially, identifying incomplete bladder emptying
Intravenous pyelography (IVP)
(IP)
-radiographic image of the urinary tract (with contrast medium injected intravenously)
-also called excretory urography (EU)
-detects kidney stones,enlarged prostate,internal injuries,tumors in the kidneys,ureters, and bladder
Nuclear scan(IP)
-Technique in which radio-pharmaceutical called tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected) and a specialized camera (gamma camera) is used to produce images of organs and structures
-radiation comes from the inside of the body
Renal nuclear scan(IP)
-Nuclear scan of the kidneys used to determine their size, shape, and position
-also used to determine the amount of blood the kidneys are able to filter over time, renal artery hypertension, and evaluate a kidney transplant to identify signs of rejection
Voiding cystourethrography(VCUG)
(IP)
-X-ray imaging of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging
-To determine cause of repeated infections or stress incontinence and to identify congenital or acquired structural abnormalit
Antibiotics
Treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes
Antispasmodics
Decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls, thus allowing normal emptying of the bladder
Diuretics
Promote and increase the excretion of urine
Potassium Supplements
Replace potassium due to depletion caused by diuretics