Sodium
most abundant cation
Predominant EXTRAcellular electrolyte
moves in and out of body
regulates water balance
Potassium
the predominant INTRAcellular cation
vital for normal neuromuscular and cardiac functions
important to nervous system, muscle function, fluid balance
calcium
needed for transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, cardiac functions.
component of EXTRA cellular fluid
Magnesium
second most abundant cation of INTRAcellular fluids
essential for enzyme activities, neurochemical transmissions, and muscular excitability
phosphate
ATP; Active Transport; Energy Production
chloride
Hydrochloric Acid Production
relationship between this and sodium ions
Bicarbonate
acts as a buffer to maintain the normal levels of acidity (PH) in the blood and other fluids in the body.
Balanced by kidney and lungs
hyponatremia
<135 meq/L
Water Imbalance - Hypo-Osmolality Imbalance
Too much water compared to salt
medical emergency leads to neurological damage
hypernatremia
>145 meq/L
Water Deficit - Hyper-Osmolality Imbalance
cells become dehydrated
medical emergency leads to neurological damage
hypokalemia
serum levels <3.5 meq/L
hyperkalemia
serum levels >5.0 meq/L
can lead to cardiac arrest
Symptoms of Hyponatremia
lethargy, apprehension, muscle twitching, abdominal cramps, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, seizures.
symptoms of hypernatremia
thirst, dry stick mucous membranes, dry swollen tongue, weakness,
severe:
fatigue, restlessness, decreased level of consciousness, disorientation
Symptoms of hypokalemia
muscle weakness, leg cramps, fatigue, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, DECREASED BOWEL SOUNDS, CARDIAC DYSRYTHMIAS, DEEP TENDON REFLEXES, WEAK IRREGULAR PULSE, ALKALOSIS.
Symptoms hyperkalemia
gastrointestinal hyperactivity, diarrhea, irritability, apathy, confusion, decreased heart rate,
hypocalcemia
serum levels < 8.4 mg/DL
hypercalcemia
serum levels > 10.5 mg/DL
symptoms of hypocalcemia
Positive Chvostek's sign (contraction of facial muscles with facial nerve is tapped)
Cancer of parathyroid
Numbness and tingling of fingers, toes, and around mouth
Hyperactive Reflexes
muscle tremors, cramps
symptoms of hypercalcemia
lethargy, weakness
Depressed tendon reflexes
bone pain
anorexia, nausea, vomiting
constipation
Decreased LOC
Hypomagnesemia
serum levels <1.5 meq/L
hypermagnesemia
serum levels >2.5 meq/L
symptoms of Hypomagnesemia
(similar symptoms to hypocalcemia)
Positive Chvostek's sign
neuromuscular irritability with tremors
End Stage Renal DIsease
tachycardia
Hypertension
disorientation and confusion
symptoms of hypermagnesemia
Lethargy
hypoactive deep tendon reflex
brachycardia
hypotension
hypochloremia
<98 meQ/L
hyperchloremia
> 106 meq/L
symptoms of hypochloremia
hyperactice deep tendon reflexes
tetany
muscle cramps, twitching, weakness
arrhythmias
symptoms of hyperchloremia
increased sodium levels
decreased muscle tone
tachypnea
rapid respirations
decreased cardiac output
hypophosphatemia
<2.7 mg/DL
Vitamin D Deficiency
Antacids
hyperphosphatemia
>4.5 mg/DL
Bulemia, Renal Failure, Anorexia, Overuse of Enema
Normal range for bicarbonate
22-26 meq/L
< 22 meq/DL of bicarbonate is
metabolic acidosis
>26 meq/dl of bicarbonate is
metabolic alkalosis
Normal range for Potassium is
3.5-5.0 meq/l
normal range for sodium is
135-145 meq
normal range for calcium is
8.4-10.5 mg/dL
normal range for magnesium is
1.5-2.5 mEq/L
normal range for chloride is
98-106 mEq/L
normal range for phosphate
2.7-4.5 mg/dL