Social class
A category of people who share a similar socioeconomic position in society.
Socioeconomic status
Depends on ascribed on achieved status.
Ascribed status
Derives from clearly identifiable characteristics, such as age, gender, and skin color.
Achieved status
Acquired status via direct, individual efforts.
Prestige
Refers to the amount of positive regard society has for a given person or idea.
Power
The ability to affect others' behavior through real or perceived rewards and punishments.
Power relationships functions to maintain order, organize economic systems, conduct warfare and rule over and exploit people.
Proletariat
Have-nots. Could overthrow the haves or bourgeoisie, as well as the entire capitalist economy by developing class consciousness.
Bourgeoisie
The haves, or those who hold power and wealth.
Class consciousness
The organization of the working class around shared goals and recognition of a need for collective political action.
False consciousness
A misperception of one's actual position in society.
Anomie
Refers to a lack of social forms, or the breakdown of social bonds between and individual and society.
Strain theory
Anomic conditions can lead to deviance.
Social capital
The investments people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards; the greater the investment, the higher the level of social integration and inclusion.
Social networks
Positional and situational
Positional- based on how connected one is within a network, and one's centrality within that network
Situational- socioeconomic advantage
Privilege
Inequality in opportunity.
Cultural capital
Refers to the benefits one receives from knowledge, abilities and skills.
Strong ties
Peer group and kinship contacts, which are quantitatively small but qualitatively powerful.
Weak ties
Social connections that are personally superficial, such as associates, but that are large in number and provide connections to a wide range of other individuals.
Intersectionality
The compounding of disadvantage seen in individuals who belong to more than one oppressed group.
Thought to be due to the oversimplification of racial categories in the five ethnicities model.
Five ethnicities model
White, Black, Asian, Latino, Native American.
Used by the Census bureau
Social mobility
The result of an economic and occupational structure given proper credentials and experience requirements.
Intragenerational
Changes in social status happen within a person's lifetime.
Intergenerational
Social status change from parent to child.
Meritocracy
Based on intellectual talent and achievement, and is a means for a person to advance up the social ladder.
Plutocracy
A rule by the upper classes.
Vertical mobility
Movement from one social class to another.
Horizontal mobility
A change in occupation or lifestyle that remains within the same social class.
Poverty
Defined by low socioeconomic status and a lack of possessions or financial resources.
Social reproduction
Social inequality can be reproduced or passed on from one generation to the next.
Absolute poverty
On this level, poverty is a socioeconomic condition in which people do not have enough money or resources to maintain a quality of living that includes basic life necessities such as shelter, food, clothing and water. This kind of poverty can apply across locations, countries and cultures.
Relative poverty
On this level, one is considered poor in comparison to the larger population in which they live.
Poverty line
Derived from the government's calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire the minimum necessities of life.
Social exclusion
Can arise from the sense of powerlessness when poor individuals feel segregated and isolated from society.
Spatial inequality
Focuses on social stratification across territories and their populations.
Residential segregation
Deals with where one resides, an urban, suburban or rural environment, and which neighborhood in that environment can have a large effect on how people interact. cooperate and advance.
Suburbanization
The migration pattern of the middle classes to suburban communities.
Urban decay
A previously functional portion of a city deteriorates and becomes decrepit over time.
Urban renewal
A city land is reclaimed and renovated for public or private use. Fueled by gentrification.
Gentrification
When upper- and middle-class populations begin to purchase and renovate neighborhoods in deteriorated areas, displacing the low-SES population.
Incidence
The number of new cases of an illness per population at risk in a given amount of time.
Number of new cases of lung cancer per 1000 at-risk people per year.
Prevalence
A measure of the number of cases of an illness overall, whether new or chronic, per population in a given amount of time.
Example- Number of people with new or chronic lung cancer pr 1000 people per year.
Morbidity
The burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease.
Mortality
Refers to deaths cased by a given disease.
Second sickness
The exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice.
Affordable care act
The US attempted to rectify the issue of social injustice in the health care system by increasing the coverage rate and affordability of insurance for all Americans, and also by reducing the coverage rate and affordability of insurance for all Americans, and directly reducing the cost of healthcare.
Medicare
Insurance which covers patients over 65, those with end-stage renal disease and those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Medicaid
Covers patients who are insignificant financial need.