acute nephritic syndrome
term used to describe the clinical manifestations of glomerular inflammation casued by various disorders
acute renal failure
sudden and rapid decrease in the ability of nephrons within the kidneys to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; excrete nitrogen waste products; and perform regulatory functions such as maintaining calcification of bones and producing eryth
acute tubular necrosis
death of cells within the collecting tubules of the nephrons, where reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and excretion of protein wastes and excess metabolic substances occur
anasarca
generalized edema caused by the shift of fluid from the intravascular space to interstitial and intracellular fluid locations
anuria
urine output of <100 mL of urine over 24 hours
arteriovenous fistula
surgical anastomois (connection) of an artery and vein lying in close proximity
arteriovenous graft
type of vascular access method that uses a tube of synthetic material or polytetrafluoroethylene to connect a vein and artery in the upper or lower arm
azotemia
accumulation of nitrogen waste products in the blood, as evidenced by elevated BUN, serum creatinine, and uric acid levels
bruit
purring or blowing sound caused by blood flowing over the rough surface of one or both carotid arteries
calciuria
excessive calcium in the urine
calculus
precipitate of mineral salts that ordinarily remain dissolved in urine
casts
deposits of minerals that break loose from the walls of renal tubules
chronic renal failure
progressive and irreversible decrease in the ability of nephrons within the kidneys to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; excrete nitrogen waste products; and perform regulatory functions such as maintaining calcification of bones and pro
colic
acute spasmodic pain
dialysate
solution used during dialysis that has a composition similar to normal human plasma
dialysis
procedure for cleaning and filtering the blood that substitutes for kidney function when the kidneys cannot remove nitrogenous waste products and maintain adequate fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances
dialyzer
semipermeable membrane filter within a machine that contains many tiny hollow fibers; during dialysis, blood moves through the hollow fibers; water and wastes from the blood move into the dialysate fluid that flows around the fibers, but protein, and RBCs
disequilibrium syndrome
neurologic condition believed to be caused by cerebral edema' the shift in cerebral fluid volume occurs when the concentrations of solutes within the blood are lowered rapidly during dialysis
end-stage renal disease
stage in chronic renal failure in which less than 10% of nephron function remains and the point at which a regular course of dialysis or kidney transplantation is necessary to maintain life
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
procedure that uses shock waves to dissolve large kidney stones
glomerulonephritis
inflammatory renal disorder that occurs most frequently in children and young adults that is preceded by an upper respiratory infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci; impetigo (skin infection); or viral infections such as mumps, hepatitis B, or
hematuria
blood in the urine
hemodialysis
technique in which blood is transported from a client through a dialyzer, a semipermeable membrane filter within a machine that removes water and wastes from the blood
hydronephrosis
condition in which an obstruction of urine from the ureter distends the renal pelvis
nephrectomy
surgical removal of a kidney
nephrolithiasis
presence of a kidney stone, the size of which may range from microscopic to several centimeters
nephrostomy tube
catheter inserted through the skin into the renal pelvis and is used to relieve an obstruction to urine flow above the bladder
nocturia
urination during the night
oliguria
low urine output of less than 500 mL/day
osteodystrophy
condition in which the bones become demineralized as a result of hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
periorbital edema
puffiness around the eyes
peritoneal dialysis
technique that uses the peritoneum, the semipermeable membrane lining of the abdomen, to filter fluid, wastes, and chemicals
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous sac lining the abdominal cavity
primary glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys that occurs independently of other chronic conditions usually the result of an acute infectious process
proteinuria
the presence of excess serum albumin excreted in the urine
pyelonephritis
acute or chronic bacterial infection of the kidney and the lining of the collecting system (kindey pelvis)
pyeloplasty
surgical repair of the ureteropelvic junction
pyuria
pus (a combination of bacteria and leukocytes) in the urine
secondary glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys that results from other chronic conditions, such as lupus erythematosus or diabetes
thrill
vibration
uremia
toxic state caused by the accumulation of nitrogen wastes in the blood
uremic frost
precipitate that sometimes forms on the skin during chronic renal failure because it becomes the excretory organ for substances the kidney usually clears from the body
ureteral stent
slender supoortive device used to splint the ureter or divert urine past a possible tear in the ureteral wall
ureterolithiasis
presence of a stone within the ureter
ureteroplasty
removal of a narrowed section of ureter and reconnection of the patent portions
urolithiasis
condition of stones in the urinary tract