rational choice theory
human behavior is a matter of choice, free will, people weigh benefits and consequences of future actions, decisions to violate the law comes after a cost, benefit, analysis of criminal behavior
trait theory
holds that youths engage in delinquent or criminal behavior due to aberrant physical or psychological traits that govern behavioral choices; delinquent actions are impulsive or instinctual rather than rational choices
free will
view that people are in charge of their own destinies and are free to make personal behavior choices unencumbered by environmental factors
classical criminology
holds that decisions to violate the law are weighted against possible punishments, and to deter crime the pain of punishment must outweigh the benefit of illegal gain. this idea led to graduated punishments based on seriousness of the crime ( let the puni
harsher punishments including placing juveniles in adult courts is based off what idea/theory?
the rational delinquent
what shapes delinquent choices?
parental controls, personal problems, financial needs,vengeance, and violence
what is the routine activities theory
view that crime is a normal function of the routine activities of modern living;offenses can be expected if there is a motivated offender and a suitable Target that is not protected by capable guardians
predatory crime
violent crimes against people and crimes in which an offender attempts to steal an object directly from its holder
general deterrence
crime Control policies that depend on the fear of criminal penalties, such as long prison sentences for violent crimes;the aim is to convince law of violators that the pain outweighs the benefit of criminal activity
focused deterrence
a policy that relies on pulling every deterrent lover available to reduce crime in the targeted population. basically overwhelming a situation with law and order in attempt to deter the targeted problem
specific deterrents
sending convicted offenders to secure incarceration facilities so that punishment is severe enough to convince offenders not to repeat their criminal activity
about how many teenagers are serving time in adult prisons?
25,000
situational crime prevention
crime prevention method that relies on reducing the opportunity to commit criminal Acts by a-making them more difficult to perform b-reducing their reward c-increasing their risks also increase shame and remove excuses
Target hardening techniques
crime prevention techniques that make it more difficult for a would-be delinquent to carry out the illegal act. for example by installing a security device in a home
diffusion of benefits
an effect that occurs when efforts to prevent one type of delinquent act may actually prevent another
displacement
the idea that a program that helps lower crime rates in specific locations or neighborhoods maybe redirecting offenders to alternative targets
who is the father of criminology?
Cesare Lombroso
criminal atavism
The idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors, savage throwbacks to an earlier stage of human evolution.
biosocial theory
a theory of delinquency causation that integrates biologically determinates and environmental stimuli
biosocial theorists
argue that no two people are alike and therefore each will react to environmental stimuli in a different way. they assume that a combination of personal traits and the environment produces individual behavior patterns, for example someone with an abnormal
vulnerability model
assumes there is a direct link between traits and crime; some people all vulnerable to crime after developing physical or mental traits at birth or soon after that affect their social functioning and put them in danger of poor behavior choices from birth
differential susceptibility model
The view that some people are predisposed to environmental influences; given their makeup are at risk when they encounter unfavorable social environments, but can also benefit more than others from a favorable and supportive environment
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
he disorder in which a child shows a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention, impulsivity and hyperactivity
neurological
pertaining to the brain and nervous system structure
minimal brain dysfunction (MBD)
damage to the brain itself that causes antisocial behavior injurious to the individuals lifestyle and social adjustment
what percent of known offenders report some type of traumatic brain injury and suffer from a number of antisocial traits throughout their life course?
20%
neurological dysfunction is related to what theory?
biosocial
reduction in executive functioning (EF)
a condition that refers to impairment of the cognitive processes that facilitate the planning and regulation of goal-oriented behavior
what disorder is considered a precursor of long-term chronic offending?
conduct disorder
conduct disorder CD
a disorder of childhood and adolescence that involves chronic behavior problems, such as defiant, impulsive, or antisocial behavior and substance abuse
what is ASD
antisocial substance disorder
learning disability
neurological dysfunction that prevents an individual from learning to his or her potential
arousal theorists
delinquency experts who believe that aggression is a function of the level of an individual's need for stimulation or arousal from the environment
contagion effect
the idea that delinquency spreads when kids copy the behavior of peers and siblings
evolutionary theory
explaining the existence of aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in human evolution; these traits allow their bears to reproduce disproportionately which has an effect on the human gene pool
what are the biosocial theories?
biochemical, neurological, genetic and evolutionary
psychodynamic theory
branch of psychology pioneered by Sigmund Freud, that holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early and childhood
identity crisis
psychological state, identified by Erickson in which youth face inner turmoil and uncertainty about life roles
latent delinquents
you the who's troubled family Life leads them to seek immediate gratification without consideration of right and wrong or the feelings of others
according to Freud the human personality contains what three major components?
the id, ego and superego
attachment theory
a form of psychodynamic tradition that holds that the ability to form attachments or emotional bonds to another person has important lasting psychological implications that follow adolescents across the lifespan
psychosis
hey serious mental disorder characterized by thinking and emotions that indicate that the person has lost contact with reality
mood disorder
a condition in which the prevailing emotional mood is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances
Alexithymia
a deficit and emotional cognition that prevents people from being aware of their feelings or being able to understand or talk about their thoughts and emotions; sufferers seem robotic and emotionally dead
one study of incarcerated youth found that what percent of males had psychiatric disorders of some kind?
88%
one study of incarcerated youth found that what percent of females had a psychiatric disorder of some kind?
92%
disruptive behavior disorder (DBD)
a consistent pattern of behaviors that continually breaks normal social rules and is extremely oppositional and defiant of authority
behaviorism
branch of psychology concerned with the study of observable behavior rather than unconscious processes; focuses on particular stimuli and responses to them
social learning theory (psychological)
The view that behavior is modeled through observation, either directly through intimate contact with others or indirectly through media;interactions that are rewarded are copied, whereas those that are punished are avoided
cognitive theory
the branch of psychology that studies the perception of reality and the mental processes required to understand the world we live in
who applied the concept of developmental stages to issues and criminology?
Lawrence kohlberg
personality
the reasonably stable patterns of behavior, including thoughts and emotions, that distinguish one person from another
youths who are both neurotic and what often lack insight, are highly impulsive, and more likely that other delinquents to become chronic offenders?
extroverted
extrovert
a person who behaves impulsively and doesn't have the ability to examine motives and behavior
neuroticism
a personality trait marked by unfounded anxiety, tension and emotional instability
antisocial personality disorder
a person lacking and warmth and affection, exhibiting inappropriate behavior responses, and unable to learn from experience
nature theory
holds that low intelligence is genetically determined and inherited, and could lead to delinquency
nurture theory
holds that intelligence is partly biological but mostly sociological; negative environmental factors encourage delinquent behavior and depress intelligence scores for many youths
who developed the routine activities theory?
Lawrence Cohen and Marcus felson
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