Skin cells play an important role in producing
A) Vitamin A.
B) Vitamin B.
C) Vitamin C.
D) Vitamin D.
D) Vitamin D
Epidermis is ___________, whereas dermis is __________.
A) The innermost layer of the skin; under the epidermis.
B) Largely composed of dense connective tissue; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue.
C) The outermost layer of the skin; compose
D) Composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; composed of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and nerve cell processes
Milk and ear wax
A) Are not secretions.
B) Are secreted from modified sweat glands.
C) Are secreted from modified sebaceous glands.
D) Are in the blood.
B) Are secreted from modified sweat glands.
Gray hair is
A) Caused by a pigment, pseudomelanin.
B) A mixture of red and brown hairs.
C) A mixture of pigmented and unpigmented hairs.
D) A form of albinism.
C) A mixture of pigmented and unpigmented hairs.
In areas of the skin where the epidermis is thin, the ______ may be absent.
A) Stratum lucidum.
B) Stratum granulosum.
C) Stratum corneum.
D) Stratum basale.
A) Stratum lucidum.
After a severe burn, new skin may grow outwards from the hair follicles. New growth begins here because
A) The hair follicles are very resistant to fire and heat.
B) A person has many hair follicles
C) A hair follicle contains stem cells in the bulb regio
C) A hair follicle contains stem cells in the bulb region
As a person ages, the skin typically becomes
A) Thicker.
B) More opaque.
C) More elastic
D) Spotted with patches of pigment.
D) Spotted with patches of pigments.
The epidermis is about ___ mm thick and the dermis is about ___ mm thick.
A) 1.0 to 2.0; 0.07 to 0.12.
B) 0.07 to 0.12; 1.0 to 2.0.
C) 3.0 to .0; 5.0 to 6.0.
D) 0.01 to 0.10; 0.10 to 1.0.
B) 0.07 to 0.12; 1.0 to 2.0
Cutaneous carcinomas are usually caused by regular exposure to
A. X-rays.
B. Gamma radiation.
C. Ultraviolet light.
D. Mutagenic chemicals.
C) Ultraviolet light.
In treating a burn patient, the "rule of nines" is used to estimate the
A. Depth of the burn.
B. Surface area of the burn.
C. Degree and source of the burn
D. Type of scar that will form.
B. Surface area of the burn.
The arrector pili muscle is attached to
A. The nail bed.
B. A sebaceous gland.
C. The hypodermis.
D. A hair follicle.
D. A hair follicle.
Elderly persons may become less able to maintain stable body temperatures because
A. They sweat excessively.
B. Their sebaceous glands become overactive.
C. The number of sweat glands diminishes.
D. The skin becomes too oily.
C. The number of sweat glands diminishes.
Acne is a disorder of the
A. Sweat glands.
B. Hair follicles.
C. Sebaceous glands.
D. Apocrine glands
C. Sebaceous glands.
What determines the color of skin?
A. The number of melanocytes in the epidermis.
B. The thickness of the epidermis layer.
C. The amount of melanin that melanocytes produce.
D. The density of hair.
C. The amount of melanin that melanocytes produces.
In the inherited disease ichythyosis, the skin is rough, brown, and very scaly because the uppermost layer cannot peel off as easily as it normally does. The part of the skin that is affected is the
A. epidermis.
B. basement membrane.
C. dermis.
D. subcut
A. Epidermis.
Blood vessels in the ___________ supply epidermal cells with nutrients.
A. epidermis
B. dermis
C. subcutaneous layer
D. hair follicle
B. Dermis.
Skin wrinkles with age because
A. collagen degrades in the subcutaneous layer as the epidermis shrinks.
B. fat is lost from the subcutaneous layer and the dermis shrinks.
C. the number of sweat glands diminishes.
D. epidermal cells undergo a burst of cell
B. Fat is lost from the subcutaneous layer and the dermis shrinks.
Inflammation
A. is a type of infection.
B. is a result of exposure to very low temperatures.
C. is a normal response to stress or injury.
D. is an abnormal response to injury or stress.
C. Is a normal response to stress or injury.
The granulations that appear during the healing of a large, open wound are composed mainly of
A. blood clots.
B. phagocytic cells.
C. fibroblasts surrounding blood vessels.
D. scar tissue.
C. Fibroblasts surrounding blood vessels.
Hypothermia is
A. associated with exercising vigorously in the heat.
B. accompanied by fever.
C. a lowered body temperature.
D. a form of hair loss.
C. A lowered body temperature.
Which person is at highest risk of developing a cutaneous carcinoma?
A. a light-complexioned man age 52 who goes to the beach on summer weekends and does not use sunblock because he likes to be tan.
B. an eighty-year-old who spends most of her time indoor
A. A light-complexioned man age 52 who goes to the beach on summer weekends and does not use sunblock because he likes to be tan.
The skin appears yellowish if a person eats too much
A. collagen.
B. carotene.
C. cyanin.
D. melanin.
B. Carotene.
Eccrine sweat glands differ from sebaceous glands
A. in type of secretion.
B. in their location.
C. in whether or not they are associated with hair follicles.
D.all of the above.
D. All of the above.
The skin dissipates excess body heat by
A. dilating dermal blood vessels.
B. activating eccrine sweat glands.
C. radiation
D. all of the above
D. All of the above.
A nail consists of
A. dense connective tissue.
B. bone
C. a nail bed and nail plate.
D. collagen and elastin.
C. a nail bed and nail plate.
The epidermis
A. retains water in deeper skin layers.
B. keeps out harmful chemicals and pathogens.
C. protects the skin against mechanical injury.
D. all of the above.
D. All of the above.
A man donates part of his liver to his daughter, who suffers from cystic fibrosis. This procedure is a(n)
A. xenograft.
B. autograft.
C. allograft.
D. isograft.
C. Allograft.
Corns are
A. areas of white skin pigmentation.
B. scaly scalp areas.
C. keratinized conical masses on toes.
D. growths emanating from the nostrils.
C. Keratinized conical masses on toes.
Melanocytes transfer melanin granules to
A. mast cells.
B. nearby keratinocytes.
C. macrophages.
D. the subcutaneous layer.
B. Nearby keratinocytes.
11. The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the
A. stratum corneum.
B. stratum granulosum.
C. stratum spinosum.
D. stratum basale.
D. Stratum basale.
Fever is
A. a result of inflammation.
B. due to exposure to heat.
C. a special case of hyperthermia in which body temperature rises in response to an elevated set point, typically in response to infection.
D. a special case of hypothermia in which body te
C. A special case of hyperthermia in which body temperature rises in response to an elevated set point, typically in response to infection.
The flexible proteins that link the cell membranes of squamous epithelial cells in skin are
A. cadherins.
B. collagens.
C. cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs).
D. keratins.
A. Cadherins.
Which of the following is not correct concerning the skin?
A. The dermis is usually thicker than the epidermis.
B. The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
C. The subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and the epidermis.
D. The dermi
C. The subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and the epidermis.
A warm surface loses heat to the air molecules continuously circulating over it by
A. radiation.
B. evaporation.
C. conduction.
D. convection.
D. Convection.
Exposure to ultraviolet light causes the skin to darken by stimulating the production of
a. melanin.
b. carotene.
c. hemoglobin.
d. cyanin.
A. Melanin.
The melanocytes in very dark skin
A. are more abundant than they are in light skin.
B. contain single, large, pigment granules.
c. lack pigment but shrivel up and turn black.
D. contain many small pigment granules.
B. Contain single, large, pigment granules.
An organ consists of
A. skin and bones.
B. two or more tissues grouped together that function together.
C. at least four tissues grouped together that function together.
D. one variety of each of the four tissue types.
B. Two or more tissues grouped together that function together.
19. The subcutaneous layer is
A. made of squamous epithelium.
B. part of the basement membrane.
C. Between the epidermis and the dermis
D. not part of the skin.
D. Not part of the skin
Reddened skin reflects
A. dilated blood vessels with more blood entering the dermis.
B. eating too many carrots.
C. inheriting extra melanin.
D. constricted blood vessels sending more blood entering the epidermis.
A. Dilated blood vessels with more blood entering the dermis.
Eccrine sweat glands
A. are most common in the armpits and groin.
B. respond primarily to elevated body temperature.
C. respond primarily to emotional stress.
D. usually are associated with hair follicles
B. Respond primarily to elevated body temperature.
Cutaneous melanomas are associated with
A. short exposure to high-intensity sunlight.
B. prolonged exposure to low-intensity sunlight.
C. occasional exposure to X-rays.
D. exposure to background radiation.
A. Short exposure to high-intensity sunlight.
We enjoy sunbathing because it stimulates keratinocytes to release
A. beta endorphin.
B. collagen.
C. carotene.
D. keratin.
A. Beta endorphin.
Body heat is lost primarily by
A. conduction.
B. convection.
C. evaporation.
D. radiation.
D. Radiation.
Apocrine sweat glands are most abundant on or in the
A. forehead.
B. axilla.
C. neck.
D. palms of the hands.
B. Axilla
Sebaceous glands secrete
A. fat globules that mix with cellular debris, forming sebum.
B. hormones.
C. sweat in the armpits.
D. mucus.
A. Fat globules that mix with cellular debris, forming sebum.
22. Two thieves steal jewelry, and then drop it as they are escaping. The police recover the jewelry, and an officer explains on the evening news that fingerprints were obtained from the back of a watch. The thieves, whose prints are not on file, believe
B. The prints arise from the friction ridges of the dermis, which are not destroyed.
The dermis is composed largely of
A. stratified columnar epithelium.
B. dense regular connective tissue.
C. stratified squamous epithelium.
D. dense irregular connective tissue.
D. Dense irregular connective tissue.
In a condition called incontinentia pigmenti, the skin has deep dark splotches, due to melanin that seeps down into the dermis. Normally, melanin is confined to the
A. epidermis.
B. basement membrane.
C. papillae.
D. hair
A. Epidermis.
As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,
A. they divide continually.
B. their supply of nutrients improves.
C. they die.
D. they become dermal cells.
C. They die.
You step out of the shower and vigorously rub your skin with a towel. If you were able to analyze the towel, you would find skin cells. They are most likely
A. subcutaneous layer cells.
B. from the dermis.
C. keratinized epidermal cells.
D. fibroblasts.
C. Keratinized epidermal cells.
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation greatly increases the risk of developing
A. heart disease.
B. diabetes.
C. skin cancer.
D. glaucoma.
C. Skin cancer.
A future treatment for baldness may potentially be
A. head messages.
B. high protein shakes.
C. scalp transplants.
D. stem cells from the bulge region at the base of hair follicles.
D. Stem cells from the bulge region at the base of hair follicles.
The major blood vessels that supply the skin are in the
A. epidermis.
B. basement membrane.
C. dermis.
D. subcutaneous layer.
D. Subcutaneous layer.
Nerve fibers scattered throughout the dermis are associated with
A. hair, melanocytes, and pores.
B. bone, tendons, and muscles.
C. fingernails and toenails.
D. muscles, glands, and sensory receptors.
D. Muscles, glands, and sensory receptors.
The nail plate is produced by
A. bone cells.
B. fibroblasts.
C. melanocytes.
D. specialized epithelial cells.
D. Specialized epithelial cells.
The advantage of cryo-electron tomography is that it
A. enables cells to divide continually.
B. is cheaper than other methods.
C. provides a static view of the skin.
D. preserves intercellular junctions.
D. Preserves intercellular junctions.
Individuals at elevated risk for hypothermia include
A. homeless people exposed to the outdoors.
B. the very old and the very young.
C. very thin people.
D. all of the above.
D. All of the above.
Injections that are administered into the tissues of the skin are called
A. subcutaneous.
B. intradermal.
C. intramuscular.
D. hypodermic.
B. Intradermal.
Eumelanin and pheomelanin are
A. reddish-yellow and brownish-black pigments, respectively.
B. brownish-black and reddish-yellow pigments, respectively.
C. types of keratin.
D. present in excess in a person with albinism
B. Brownish-black and reddish-yellow pigments, respectively.
Which is the most likely explanation for the defect in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, in which the skin blisters with any touch?
A. the skin has too many melanocytes that produce too much melanin.
B. melanocytes cannot produce melanin.
C. collagen fibr
C. Collagen fibrils that attach the epidermis to the dermis break down.
Shafts of hair are composed of
A. living dermal cells.
B. dead epidermal cells.
C. living epidermal cells.
D. dead dermal cells.
B. Dead epidermal cells
An autograft covers an injured area of skin with
A. skin from a person other than the patient.
B. a skin substitute, such as an artificial membrane.
C. skin from a skin bank.
D. skin from an uninjured region of the patient's body.
D. Skin from an uninjured region of the patient's body.
A woman undergoes coronary bypass surgery, in which a blood vessel from her leg is moved to her heart, where it supplements the blood supply following a heart attack. This procedure is a(n)
A. xenograft.
B. autograft.
C. allograft.
D. isograft.
B. Autograft.
A person exercising vigorously on a hot, humid day may develop
A. fatigue and dizziness.
B. heat exhaustion.
C. headache, muscle cramps, and nausea.
D. all of the above
D. All of the above.
Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment?
A. Dermal blood vessels constrict.
B. Sweat glands become active.
C. Smooth muscles relax.
D. Dermal blood vessels dilate.
A. Dermal blood vessels constrict.
The subcutaneous layer consists of
A. epithelial tissue.
B. areolar and adipose tissue.
C. epithelium and areolar tissue.
D. adipose tissue and skeletal muscle tissue.
B. Areolar and adipose tissue.
Sweat cools the body by
A. convection.
B. conduction.
C. evaporation.
D. radiation.
C. Evaporation.
A burn affecting only the epidermis is a
A. superficial partial-thickness burn.
B. deep partial-thickness burn.
C. second degree burn.
D. third degree burn.
A. Superficial partial-thickness burn.
The hardness of a nail comes from
A. carotene.
B. collagen.
C. calcium.
D. keratin.
D. Keratin.
Which of the following happens first after a scab forms?
A. phagocytic cells remove dead material.
B. the scab sloughs off
C. fibroblasts from the wound edge form new collagenous fibers.
D. blood vessels send out new branches under the scab.
C. Fibroblasts from the wound edge form new collagenous fibers.
Skin cancer is most likely to develop from
A. pigmented epithelial cells.
B. pigmented melanocytes.
C. nonpigmented epithelial cells.
D. nonpigmented melanocytes.
C. Nonpigmented epithelial cells.
Accessory structures of the skin originate from the
A. epidermis.
B. basement membrane.
C. dermis.
D. subcutaneous layer
A. Epidermis.
Inflammation makes skin
A. red, swollen and painful to touch.
B. cool and clammy.
C. secrete abundant antibodies.
D. peel off.
A. Red, swollen and painful to touch.
The functions of skin include
A. acting as a protective covering.
B. housing sensory receptors.
C. regulating body temperature.
D. all of the above.
C. Regulating body temperature.
Which of following is not a method for helping prevent pressure ulcer formation
A. massaging the skin
B. eating foods rich in protein
C. providing adequate fluid intake
D. maintaining one body position
D. Maintaining one body position
n a condition called incontinentia pigmenti, the skin has deep dark splotches, due to melanin that seeps down into the dermis. Normally, melanin is confined to the
A. epidermis.
B. basement membrane.
C. dermis.
D. hair.
A. Epidermis.
The nerve fibers in the dermis stimulate
A. blood vessels in the epidermis.
B. muscles and glands in the dermis.
C. melanocytes in the epidermis.
D. fat cells in the subcutaneous layer
B. Muscles and glands in the dermis.
The human integumentary system includes
A. skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
B. the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer only.
C. bones and muscles.
D. only one type of tissue
A. Skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands.