A diurnal animal will likely feed during the
a) daytime.
d) nighttime.
c) period just before dusk.
d) daytime and the nighttime.
a) daytime.
Compared to neurotransmitters, hormone effects are generally
a) more widespread in the body.
b) produced by comparable quantities of substance.
c) more limited with respect to target sites.
d) shorter lasting.
a) more widespread in the body.
Peptide hormones typically affect cellular processes by
a) entering the cell and providing a source of metabolic energy.
b) interacting with specific receptors located in the cell nucleus.
c) binding to DNA and altering gene expression.
d) binding to memb
d) binding to membrane-bound receptors on the cell surface.
Neuronal and hormonal communication both involve
a) all-or-none impulses.
b) specialized receptor molecules.
c) movement of materials through the bloodstream.
d) voluntary control.
b) specialized receptor molecules.
Which of the following about anorexia nervosa is true?
a) It is characterized by bouts of binging and purging.
b) It commonly affects both young men and women.
c) People with anorexia think about food a great deal.
d) The word "anorexia" is derived from a
c) People with anorexia think about food a great deal.
Which of the following events will trigger osmotic thirst?
a) Blood loss
b) Diarrhea
c) Drinking distilled water
d) A salty meal
d) A salty meal
Fake it until you make it" is most consistent with
a) the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions.
b) the facial-feedback hypothesis.
c) syndrome
d) fear conditioning
b) the facial-feedback hypothesis.
Cells located in the _______ synthesize oxytocin and vasopressin and transport these hormones to the _______.
a) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
b) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
c) posterior pituitary; median eminence
d) anterior pituitary; median em
a) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
The response to a decrease of cellular water content is called _______ thirst.
a) hypovolemic
b) hypotonic
c) osmoreceptive
d) osmotic
d) osmotic
The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in
a) awakenings.
b) stage 2 sleep.
c) stage 3 sleep.
d) REM sleep.
a) awakenings.
A drop in extracellular volume is detected by specialized
a) osmoreceptors.
b) baroreceptors.
c) volume receptors.
d) hydroceptors.
b) baroreceptors.
Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.
a) stage 1
b) stage 2
c) stage 3
d) REM
c) stage 3
Which hormone has been especially implicated in informing the brain about daylight?
a) Melatonin
b) Serotonin
c) Melanopsin
d) Tryptophan
a) Melatonin
In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.
a) stage 1
b) stage 2
c) stage 3
d) REM
c) stage 3
Which of the following conditions causes a genetic female to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male?
a) A high level of androgen during fetal development
b) A deficiency in estradiol
c) A deficiency in testosterone
d) An XO chromosome pattern
a) A high level of androgen during fetal development
Decorticate rage refers to
a) the rage response seen in animals with small cortical lesions.
b) the diminished rage response of animals whose isocortex has been removed.
c) snarling and barking in response to intense stimuli.
d) sudden, intense, poorly di
d) sudden, intense, poorly directed rage that lacks a clear direction.
In the body's synthesis of steroids, _______ is (are) synthesized from _______.
a) progesterone; estrogens
b) androgens; estrogens
c) estrogens; androgens
d) progesterone; testosterone
c) estrogens; androgens
According to some researchers, the universal properties of facial expressions may be masked by
a) cultural differences in parenting styles.
b) autonomic arousal.
c) cultural conditioning.
d) peripheral feedback.
c) cultural conditioning.
People with a BMI of 25-30 are in the body weight category of
a) underweight.
b) ideal weight.
c) overweight.
d) obese.
c) overweight.
Glands that secrete their products outside the body are referred to as _______ glands.
a) exocrine
b) endocrine
c) ectocrine
d) autocrine
a) exocrine
In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and then off 6 hours earlier than they did originally, the animals will show
a) period adjustment.
b) zeitgeber.
c) phase shift.
d) arrhythmia.
c) phase shift.
Male mice with knockouts of the _______ gene display "social amnesia," failing to recognize previously encountered females.
a) oxytocin
b) testosterone
c) FSH
d) melatonin
a) oxytocin
Sry protein is produced in the
a) ovaries.
b) testes.
c) indifferent gonads.
d) brain.
c) indifferent gonads
The complete androgen insensitivity phenotype in an XY adult would include which of the following?
a) Testes, uterus, fallopian tubes, labia, breasts
b) Testes, vas deferens, uterus, fallopian tubes, breasts
c) Testes, labia, clitoris
d) Ovaries, uterus,
c) Testes, labia, clitoris
The polygraph does not detect lies, it detects
a) criminals.
b) arousal.
c) guilt.
d) psychopathy.
b) arousal.
Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by
a) vague visual imagery.
b) a lack in intellectual content.
c) realistic visual imagery.
d) complicated story lines.
a) vague visual imagery.
Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of
a) blocking long-term retention.
b) improving long-term retention.
c) undoing the learning.
d) impairing retrieval of the learned material.
b) improving long-term retention
The type of diabetes called _______ is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life.
a) diabetes insipidus
b) type I diabetes
c) type II diabetes
d) congenital diabetes
b) type 1 diabetes
In order to condition a rat to associate a particular tone in context A with a shock, one would play a tone
a) after administering a shock in context A.
b) after administering a shock across varied contexts.
c) at the same time as administering a shock in
c) at the same time as administering a shock in context A
The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n)
a) oscillating cycle.
b) phase marker.
c) zeitgeber.
d) biological rhythm.
c) zeitgeber.
People suffering from bulimia nervosa
a) have very little appetite.
b) get caught in binge-purge eating cycles.
c) usually become very obese.
d) typically prefer to vomit rather than use laxatives.
b) get caught in binge-purge eating cycles.
Which of the following are two of the three major classes of hormones?
a) Lipophilic and lipotropic
b) Peptide and steroid
c) Transcriptional and translational
d) Ionotropic and metabotropic
b) Peptide and steroid
Papez's circuit provides a model of the relationships of different regions in the limbic system involved in
a) facial expressions of emotion.
b) autonomic response specificity to different emotions.
c) the neural control of violence and psychopathy.
d) em
d) emotional expression.
The evidence that testosterone affects aggressive behavior in humans is inconsistent. This inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that
a) testosterone appears to have less of an effect on human aggression than it does on aggression in other species
a) testosterone appears to have less of an effect on human aggression than it does on aggression in other species.
The theory of stress _______ holds that early, mild stressful experiences early in life may reduce susceptibility to stress in adulthood.
a) tolerance
b) sensitization
c) immunization
d) habituation
c) immunization
Which of the following regions is highlighted by Kl�ver-Bucy syndrome?
a) Amygdala
b) Anterior thalamus
c) Cingulate cortex
d) Sensorimotor cortex
a) Amygdala
The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian rhythm to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is called
a) period adjustment.
b) zeitgeber.
c) phase adjustment.
d) entrainment.
d) entrainment.
The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep.
a) pontine
b) forebrain
c) brainstem
d) hypothalamic
a) pontine
The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by
a) the immediate onset of deep SWS.
b) the immediate onset of REM.
c) a usual pattern of SWS and REM sleep.
d) the lack of REM.
b) the immediate onset of REM.
The receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the
a) hypothalamus.
b) kidneys.
c) ventricular system.
d) vascular system.
d) vascular system.
The essential feature of tropic hormones is that they
a) are released across synapses.
b) affect only neurons.
c) affect only the pituitary.
d) affect the secretion of other endocrine glands.
d) affect the secretion of other endocrine glands.
The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior once a day is called a(n) _______ rhythm.
a) infradian
b) ultradian
c) circadian
d) circannual
c) circadian
Paul Ekman and colleagues have proposed the existence of facial expressions for eight emotions that are recognized across all societies. Which of the following is not one of them?
a) Contempt
b) Expectation
c) Happiness
d) Embarrassment
b) Expectation
The molecular structure of peptide hormones involves
a) four interconnected rings of carbon atoms.
b) short chains of amino acids.
c) long chains of amino acids.
d) modified tyrosine molecules.
b) short chains of amino acids.
Thermoregulation is considered a negative feedback system because
a) it requires such a great deal of energy.
b) larger temperature changes trigger smaller responses.
c) restoring the desired temperature turns off the response.
d) Hot and cold temperature
c) restoring the desired temperature turns off the response
The hormone ________ controls the milk letdown reflex and plays a role in formation of social bonds.
a) estrogen
b) luteinizing hormone
c) oxytocin
d) follicle-stimulating hormone
c) oxytocin
Men rooting for a sports team will produce more _______ if their team wins.
a) oxytocin
b) TRH
c) thyroid
d) testosterone
d) testosterone
The stress immunization seen in rat pups appears to be attributable to
a) nutrition.
b) maternal comfort after stress.
c) vaccinations.
d) cortisol release by the rat pup adrenal glands.
b) maternal comfort after stress.
The James-Lange theory of emotions argued that emotions are the
a) perception of bodily changes provoked by particular stimuli.
b) perception of bodily changes and social context.
c) integration of thoughts and feelings.
d) appraisal of environmental even
a) perception of bodily changes provoked by particular stimuli.
Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to
a) hallucinations and disorientation.
b) difficulty concentrating.
c) increases in irritability.
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.
a) increase
b) abolish
c) diminish
d) have no effect on
b) abolish
Leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons.
a) orexin
b) ghrelin
c) PYY3-36
d) NPY
d) NPY
The Coolidge effect is the
a) resumption of sexual activity by a male animal when exposed to a novel female.
b) resumption of sexual activity by a female animal when exposed to an attractive male.
c) spontaneous abortion of pregnancy by female mice expose
a) resumption of sexual activity by a male animal when exposed to a novel female.
Diminished cerebrospinal concentrations of serotonin metabolites are correlated with
a) positive emotions.
b) aggression and violence.
c) profound depression.
d) diminished aggressive behavior.
b) aggression and violence.
Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.
a) stage 1
b) stage 3
c) REM
a) Both a and b
c) REM
In the absence of Sry protein, the indifferent gonad
a) degenerates.
b) becomes an ovary.
c) becomes a testicle.
d) becomes a vas deferens.
b) becomes an ovary.
The ovarian (menstrual) cycle is a(n) ________ rhythm.
a) infradian
b) ultradian
c) circadian
d) circannual
a) infradian
Under conditions of prolonged food deprivation, fat can be converted into glucose and a secondary form of fuel, called
a) ketones.
b) glycogen.
c) fatty acids.
d) glucagon.
a) ketones
According to Charles Darwin, facial expressions
a) are a uniquely human expression of emotion.
b) are used as first means of communication.
c) vary from culture to culture.
d) are a sexually selected trait.
b) are used as first means of communication.
In fear conditioning, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala transmits information through the _______ to evoke hormonal responses.
a) central nucleus of the amygdala
b) lateral hypothalamus
c) central (periaqueductal) gray
d) septal nuclei
a) central nucleus of the amygdala
Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep.
a) stage 1
b) stage 2
c) stage 3
d) REM
d) REM
The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior every six hours is called a(n) _______ rhythm.
a) infradian
b) ultradian
c) circadian
d) circannual
b) ultradian
Behavioral regulation of body temperature, like moving closer to the fire, is especially affected by lesions of the
a) lateral hypothalamus.
b) preoptic area.
c) ventromedial hypothalamus.
d) amygdala.
a) lateral hypothalamus.
One of the primary causes of eating disorders is believed to be
a) a cultural that emphasizes thinness as being attractive.
b) the presence of epigenetic genes.
c) a remarkable increase in fast food restaurants over the last 50 years.
d) the high rates of
a) a cultural that emphasizes thinness as being attractive.
Sperm and ova are known as _______, and when they fuse they form a(n) _______.
a) undifferentiated cells; zygote
b) zygotes; embryo
c) gametes; zygote
d) zygotes; gamete
c) gametes; zygote
What is the effect of injecting of anandamide into the hypothalamus?
a) It suppresses eating.
b) It induces vomiting.
c) It stimulates eating.
d) It increases long-term fat stores.
c) It stimulates eating.
In the brain of the male rat, the region especially important for reproductive behavior is the
a) medial preoptic area.
b) anterior hypothalamus.
c) Onuf's nucleus.
d) ventromedial hypothalamus.
a) medial preoptic area.
When a hamster or a person continues to display an activity cycle without any external cues about the time of day, the cycle is said to be
a) arrhythmic.
b) dysrhythmic.
c) circumspect.
d) free-running.
d) free-running.
Which of the following demonstrates ectothermic behavior?
a) A dog panting on a hot day
b) A group of birds roosting together at night
c) A turtle basking on a sunny log
d) A person shivering in a cold house
c) A turtle basking on a sunny log
Patients with damage to the amygdala do poorly at interpreting facial expressions as indicators of
a) fear.
b) happiness.
c) sadness.
d) contempt.
a) fear.
Some flowers attract bees by releasing _______ into the air.
a) nectar
b) pheromones
c) pollen
d) allomones
d) allomones
Lesions to which of the following brain regions would impair physiological temperature regulation in endotherms?
a) Preoptic area
b) Brainstem
c) Medial hypothalamus
d) Dorsomedial thalamus
a) Preoptic area
Which of the following circumventricular organs contains osmosensory neurons?
a) Subfornical organ
b) Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
c) Periventricular organ
d) Area postrema
b) Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except
a) frequent awakenings.
b) snoring.
c) an abundance of REM sleep.
d) low oxygen levels during sleep.
c) an abundance of REM sleep.
Which of the following hormones monitors the body's longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat?
a) Ghrelin
b) PYY3-36
c) Leptin
d) Anandamide
c) Leptin
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, emotional experience and autonomic response
a) are not parallel processes.
b) are key components of a stress reaction.
c) are simultaneously triggered by emotional stimuli.
d) depend entirely on social cont
c) are simultaneously triggered by emotional stimuli.
The molecular structure of steroid hormones involves
a )four interconnected rings of carbon atoms.
b) short chains of amino acids.
c) long chains of amino acids.
d) modified tyrosine molecules.
a )four interconnected rings of carbon atoms.
Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion.
a) disrupts
b) abolishes
c) does not affect
d) shortens
b) abolishes
The traditional understanding of steroid hormones is that they exert their effects by
a) changing the composition of the myelin sheath.
b) entering cells and altering gene expression.
c) altering synaptic functioning.
d) binding to receptors of the cell m
b) entering cells and altering gene expression.
Which of the following hormones causes blood vessels to constrict?
a) Angiotensin II
b) Vasopressin
c) Oxytocin
d) Neuropeptide Y
a) Angiotensin II
Which of the following correctly describes osmotic pressure?
a) The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane
b) The spontaneous spread of solute molecules through a solv
a) The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane
A hormone that is normally found only in males is
a) testosterone.
b) androstenedione.
c) LH.
d) None of the above
d) None of the above
A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has
c) stage 3
The sleep of dolphins and some birds is similar in that both display
a) unilateral sleep.
b) only SWS.
c) erratic circadian rhythms.
d) only REM sleep.
a) unilateral sleep.
The modern field of stress research was launched by
a) Heinrich Kl�ver.
b) Paul Ekman.
c) Paul MacLean.
d) Hans Selye.
d) Hans Selye.
Given the hypertonic solution of the sea, marine mammals are able to survive in seawater by
a) excreting excess salt via salt glands.
b) sealing out salt via insulating layers of fat.
c) waterproofing their skin with oil.
d) producing no aldosterone.
a) excreting excess salt via salt glands.
Which of the following represents the correct order of the stages of reproductive behavior?
a) Receptive behavior, sexual attraction, proceptive behavior, postcopulatory behavior
b) Appetitive behavior, sexual attraction, copulation, postcopulatory behavi
c) Sexual attraction, proceptive behavior, copulation, postcopulatory behavior
One of the reasons we know that glucose cannot be the only cue for satiety is that
a) some meals have no glucose.
b) untreated diabetics are hungry.
c) drinking glucose does not affect hunger.
d) glucose is used only by the brain.
b) untreated diabetics are hungry.
Animals whose body temperature is regulated mainly by internal bodily processes are called
a) homeotherms.
b) poikilotherms.
c) ectotherms.
d) endotherms.
d) endotherms.
One of the selective advantages of endothermy appears to be
a) greater tolerance for high external temperatures.
b) increased capacity to sustain a high level of muscular activity.
c) a reduction energy requirements.
d) a greater differential between the
b) increased capacity to sustain a high level of muscular activity.
Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of REM sleep may be related to
a) the consolidation of perceptual learning.
b) the effort to shed bad memories.
c) the processing of intense sexual excitement.
d) the problem-solving activities of th
a) the consolidation of perceptual learning.
When an animal loses a lot of blood, there is a tendency of baroreceptors to signal
a) grooming.
b) fatigue.
c) temperature increase.
d) thirst.
d) thirst.
Hormone-producing glands are called _______ glands.
a) amacrine
b) endocrine
c) allomone
d) lachrymose
b) endocrine
Lesioning the central nucleus of the amygdala in a rat results in
a) lowered blood pressure.
b) elimination of the fight or flight response.
c) sham rage.
d) an increase in freezing behavior in response to a conditioned fear stimulus.
d) an increase in freezing behavior in response to a conditioned fear stimulus.
Amino acids that are not manufactured by our bodies are classified as
a) obligatory.
b) inorganic.
c) dietary.
d) essential.
d) essential
Which of the following is consistent with the fraternal birth order effect?
a) The fewer older biological brothers a boy has, the more likely he is to develop a homosexual orientation.
b) Boys who are only children are more likely to develop a homosexual
c) The more older biological brothers a boy has, the more likely he is to develop a homosexual orientation.
If the SCN is transplanted from animal A to animal B, animal B's rhythmicity will
a) disappear.
b) become abnormally short.
c) match the donor's rhythm.
d) become infradian.
c) match the donor's rhythm.
Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate
a) SWS.
b) REM sleep.
c) awakening.
d) delta waves.
c) awakening.
Which of the following would be considered the "high road" response to a bear appearing at your picnic?
a) Urinating in your pants
b) Profuse sweating
c) Grabbing pots and pans to make lots of noise
d) Running away
c) Grabbing pots and pans to make lots of noise
Feelings of disgust at the sight of body fluids may have evolved to help humans avoid
a) conflict with others.
b) toxic or poisonous substances.
c) exposure to germs.
d) wasting energy
c) exposure to germs.