split- brain patients
patients whose left and right hemispheres have been separated by commissurotomy
aphasia
brain damage produced deficit in the ability to produce or comprehend language
cerebral dominance theory
one hemisphere (usually left) assumes dominant role in control of all complex behavioral and cognitive processes, and the other plays only a minor role
helping-hand phenomenon
one hemisphere may have access to the location of an item, the hand that "knows" may correct the positioning of the other hand to help perform the task
the cerebral ___ connect the 2 hemispheres
commissure
Left hemisphere damage plays a special role in both aphasia and
apraxia
cortex of the left inferior prefrontal lobe became known as the
broca's area
one common test of language lateralization is invasive; it involves injecting ___ into the carotid artery
sodium amytal
some evidence suggests that the brains of males are ___ lateralized than the brains of females
more
the ___ is the largest cerebral commissure
corpus callosum
_____ received a Nobel prize for his research on split brain patients
Sperry
commissurotomy can be an effective treatment for severe cases of
epilepsy
the 2 hemispheres of a split brain patient can communicate via an external route; such external communication has been termed ___
cross- cuing
Damage to the ___ hemisphere is more likely to produce ipsilateral motor problems
left
a neural mechanism metaphorically referred to as the interpreter is assumed to reside in the ___ hemisphere
left
Because broad categories of abilities do not appear to be the units of cerebral lateralization, researchers have turned to studying the laterality of _______ cognitive processes
constituent
3 common theories of cerebral asymmetry are the analytic- synthetic theory, the motor theory, and the ____ theory
linguistic
Broca's area play's a role in speech production, but there is now strong evidence that Broca's area and other areas of motor cortex also play a role in language _______
comprehension
Broca's aphasia
characterized by normal comprehension of both written and spoken language and by speech that retains its meaningfulness despite being slow, labored, and poorly articulated
Wernicke's aphasia
characterized by poor comprehension of both written and spoken language and speech that is meaningless but still retains the superficial structure, rhythm, and intonation of normal speech
7 components of the Wernicke-Geschwind model
primary visual cortex, angular gyrus, primary auditory cortex, wernicke's area, arcuate fascicles, Broca's area, primary motor cortex
The ____ gyrus translates the visual form of a read word into an auditory code
angular
The ___ cortex controls the muscles of articulation
primary motor
the ___ cortex perceives the written word
primary visual
_____ area is the center for language comprehension
Wernicke's
The ___ cortex perceives the spoken word
primary auditory
___ area contains the programs of articulation
Broca's
The left ___ carries signals from Wernicke's area to Broca's area
arcuate fasciculus
3 premises that define cognitive neuroscience approach to language
1. use of language is mediated by widespread activity in all areas of the brain that participate in the cognitive process
2. areas of the brain involved in language are not dedicated solely to that purpose
3. areas involving language are likely to be smal
lexical procedure
reader looks at word, recognizes it, says it
phonetic procedure
reader looks at word, recognizes the letters, sounds them out, says the word