What are physiological methods?
Single-cell recordings, Intracellular recordings, Extracellular recordings, Multi-cell recordings
What do single-cell recordings measure?
measuring changes in voltage or current in a neuron
What do intracellular recordings measure?
measuring inside the cell or inside the axon
What do extracellular recordings measure?
measuring outside the cell, not as strong
What do multi-cell recordings measure?
takes recordings in several different places in order to differentiate between cells
What are Electroencephalography (EEG) Recordings?
these recordings pick up on the electric field of electrodes in the brain to see if there are changes in activity
Why do we use EEGs and whom do we use it on?
it is used on infants and animals to see/understand their sensation
What are Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Recordings?
these recordings pick up on the magnetic field in the brain to see if there are changes in activity
What is Functional Neuroimaging?
Changes in Neural Activity ? Changes in Blood Flow
What do Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans measure?
measures radioactive activity by inhaling/ingesting positrons
What do Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scans measure?
measures for oxygenated vs. deoxygenated blood by applying a magnetic field to the brain while engaging in a neuronal task, searches for BOLD within hemoglobin
What are the benefits with fMRIs?
No radioactive material, good with spatial organization by showing what parts of the brain have activity (however, there is a time delay)
What do Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) scans measure?
tells us what parts of the brain are processing by applying pulses of a magnetic field to different parts of the brain, creates a temporal legion
What are the long-term effects with TMS?
There is no evidence that there is a long term effect, but it is a new type of functional neuroimaging
What do Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) scans measure?
measures the reflection of the infrared by applying the light to the brain (does not use radioactive or magnetics)
Does DOT measure the cortical areas or subcortical areas of the brain?
Only studies the cortical areas, not the subcortical areas
What do Psychophysical Methods measure?
measures the relationship between stimuli and perceptions
What is absolute threshold?
minimum stimulus intensity (energy) needed to detect a physical stimulus
What is discrimination threshold?
minimum change in stimulus intensity required to produce a just noticeable difference (JND) between two stimuli
How is sensitivity calculated?
1/threshold
What is Suprathreshold?
perceptions above the threshold, the magnitude estimation
What is the correlation between threshold and sensitivity?
Higher threshold = lower sensitivity
Lower threshold = higher sensitivity
What is the Method of Constant Stimuli?
For each sensitivity level, the number of times they detected it is recorded in "Yes" responses
What is an Ogive graph?
an "S" shape function that always starts at 0 and always ends at 100
What is the Method of Limits?
Collect data for descending and ascending levels and stop collecting responses once you get a reversal answer from No to Yes
What is the Method of Adjustment?
the subject changes the intensity of the stimulus until they detect activity
How do you calculate the JND?
(75 value - 25 value) / 2
What is Weber's Law?
k = ?I / I
(the constant is the intensity change
divided by stimulus intensity of standard)
What is Steven's Power Law?
P = k*S^n
If n=,1 you will have...
a linear function
If n<1, you will have...
a response compression (brightness)
If n>1, you will have...
a response expansion (shock experiments, pain)