Speech
Neuromuscular behavior
medium for sharing language
real words
vocalization
sounds
respiration
input from your lungs
phonation
involvement of the throat
resonation
nose
articular
structures in your mouth
Language
only works when we agree what the language is and that it is staying the same name; use them to represent concepts to use arbitrary symbols and rule governed combinations of those symbols
expressive language
what we put out there
receptive language
what we understand
characteristics of language
rule governed and generative
what does it mean when you say language is rule governed
only certain classes of works fit
ex. the WOMAN is in the CAR
what does it mean to say language is generative
we can use language to talk about lots of different things with different terms
What are remarkable features of language
acquisition rate
critical period
universality
species specific
acquisition rate
how quickly people acquire language
critical (sensitive periods)
there's a time where were receptive to learning new language
universality
kids learn language in a predictable way
species specific
humans know their own language (uniquely humans)
What is communication
process of sharing information between 2 or more people:senders and receivers
language must be shared
involves encoding, transmitting, and decoding
used to accomplish something
reliant on language
extralinguistic
these are in addition to the linguistic way of communication
paralinguistic
the tone or emotion or stress of language and really affects the communication
metalinguistic
our ability to think about language as we are using it
nonlinguistic
eye contact, thumbs up, gestures, not verbal
linguistic modes
speak and listen
writing and reading
signing
can you have speech without communication
yes, talking to yourself
can you have communication without speech
yes sign language
can you have language without speech
yes writing
can you have communication without language
no to have communication there has to be some form of language
What are the five components of language
semantics
phonology
morphology
syntax
pragmatics
semantics
understanding of language
phonology
rules governing sounds used to make words
morphology
rules governing internal organization of words
syntax
rules governing internal organization of sentences
pragmatics
overall organization aspects of language
content
governs rules of meaning
vocal/lexicon
meaning of the whole is more than the meaning of the parts
morphemes
free verse bound
derivital morphemes
change class of words
inflectional morphemes
change state or increase precision (suffix only)
Use
communicative intentions and ways of carrying them out
conversational principals or rules (quantity, quality,relation,manner)
types of discourse
adjusting to your partner
neuroscience
neuroanatomy and neurophysiology
neurons
basic unit of the nervous system
what are the three parts of a neuron
cell body, dendrites, axon
What is the CNS
brain and spinal cord
what is the PNS
all nerves coming off the spinal column
brainstem
The brain stem controls the flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body, and it also controls basic body functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness, and whether one is awake or sleepy. The brain stem
midbrain
serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.
pons
serves as a message station between several areas of the brain. It helps relay messages from the cortex and the cerebellum.
medulla oblongata
helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing.
reticular formation
a diffuse network of nerve pathways in the brainstem connecting the spinal cord, cerebrum, and cerebellum, and mediating the overall level of consciousness.
thalamus
to relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex.
cerebral cortex
outer layer of cerebrum where most neurons are found; responsible for reasoning, intellect, motor commands, and sensory interpretation
cerebellum
receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and bal
cerebrum
located above the brainstem, divided into 2 hemispheres;performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
contralateral
info is processed on the opposite side
symmetrical
info is processed equally well on both sides of the brain
What are hemispheres comprised of
grey and white matter
association
within
projection
going form cortex to brainstem
transverse
in a crosswise direction
grey matter
comprised of cell body
white matter
axons coming off cell bodys
what does the cortex have
gyro and sulci
gyri
lumps
sulci
groves in-between gyri
How old are you when the brain is adult size
12
what are the 3 brain functions
regulation
processing
formulation
regulation
housed in mid-brain, responsible for energy level and overall tone of cortex
processing
managed in posterior portion of cortex, controls information analysis, coding, and storage
formulation
located in frontal lobe (power house) responsible for our intentions and behaviors ( drive car, exit building) activates brain for attention, motor behaviors are coordinated in this function
hemisphere symmetry
sensory and motor function
symmetrical and contralateral
hemispheric assymetry
right hemisphere
holistic processing
visuospatial processing
perception and recognition of pictures and photos
recognition of printed words
Language for right hemisphere
comprehension and production of speech prosody and affect
metaphorical language and semantics
comprehension of non speech sounds (door slamming)
visvostation recognition of sign language
left hemisphere
step by step processes
linear order perception
arithmetic calculations
logical reasoning
left hemisphere language
recognizes acoustic features of phonemes (speech perception)
processes language
language comprehension (4 things)
attend to auditory stimulation
auditory signals received in the thalamus and sent to heschls gyrus
coded linguistic info sent to the left temporal lobe and para linguistic info sent to right temporal lobe
requires aid of short term memory
Wernicke's area
left temporal lobe
language production concepts
conceptual basis of message formed in memory areas
messages organized in wenches
transmitted via arcuate fasciculus to..
brocas area in the frontal lobe
arcuate fasciculus
a bundle of axons that connects Wernicke's area with Broca's area; damage causes conduction aphasia
info processing
attention
discrimination
organization
memory
discrimination
know what's the most important thing is to pay attention to
organization
link new info to old info, most important step
executive functioning
allocates and coordinates
mental resources
determines cognitive strategies
monitors feedback and outcomes
Big ideas of cognitive, perceptual, and motor bases of language and speech
cognition precedes language development
genetics and environment contribute to learning
learning involves the development of schemes
big changes in memory, speech processing, attention and representational competence in first year of life
neurological development
importance of nature and nurture
brain has all neurons by 6 months
early experiences crucial for activation (make connections)
development proceeds from most basic to higher level functions
what are neonates
newborns
early cognitive development
sensation
perception-auditory
perception-visual
cognition
sensation
sensory function at birth; touch earliest to develop, neonates most attentive to mild stimulation, by 2 months babies can selectively attend; babies experience habituation to familiar stimuli
perception-auditory
newborns can discriminate durations, loudness, phonemes, and consonants; babies learn prosody features, syllable structure and phonetic organization of native language; by 7-8 months children can discriminate intonation patterns, begin spring words; 8-10
synaptogenosis
brain is powerful making connections
Perception-visual
newborns can perceive human face, soon recognizes moms face and expressions; by 4-6 months respond differentially to a smile; with increased memory, recall image with presentation of stimuli
cognition brain structure
neurons are not distributed randomly
early on brain structure is similar across people
changes in response to stimulation
plasticity ability of the brain to recognize
cognition
critical or sensitive period
experience matters
schemas
cognitive structures used to process incoming information
mental map
complex web of linked info
speech perception
infants perceive and can discriminate pitch duration and loudness level (prosody)
identify phonotactic probabilities
cognition and communication
speech perception
motor control
language
motor control
neonates- reflexive movements/sounds (crying, fusing, bumping)
2 mo- quasi resonant ne=uclei (QNR)- not fully articulated vowel sounds(cooing)
4 mo- sustained laughter
5 mo- fully resonant nuclei (FRN)- vowel sounds
6 mo- babling, pouting, lips closed whe
language in cognitions and communication
memory (to recall and retrieve)
processing speed (working memory)
attention
representations (way we organize info in brain)
representational competence (ability to extract similarities)
rules of caregiver
technique:
phasing- knowing when to act
adoptive- talking slower with babies
facilitative-going to have a routine in environment
elaborative- taking what child is doing and then add a little more
initiating- directioning where the chips interaction is
con
Big ideas of the social and communicative bases of language and speech
language is a social tool
social and communicative bases help explain motivation
children communicate before they say words
parental responses matters
newborn communication
usually auditory "hard wired" for communication
interactions
usually and audirotily "hardwired" for communication
visual preference for faces/eyes
hearing in range of human voice
preference for human voice/ esp. moms
moves in synchrony with human voice
interactions
newborns will search for human voice
will stop crying and attend to moms voice
facial expressions engage mom
movement of infant head signals mom
1 month of early communication
gaze at adults face, vocalize
change gaze with partner
match pitch and sound duration of adult
smile in response to familiar face
2 months of early communcation
search for moms voice, turn away from strange voices
recognize familiar people
begin to hear cooing and gooing
3 months of early communication
fun begins
broader intentional social smile
increased interest in the facial expressions of others
beginning to learn that signaling results in charge
3-6 months of early communication
game playing becomes important
increased toy play
vocalizes to accompany attitude
7-12 months
sad when mom leaves, plays in moms presence
infants begin to selectively attend to language follow directions
can follow point and glance
0-8 months
preintentional perlocutionary stage
8-9 months
begin to develop intentionality (illocutionary stage)
illocutionary stage
communicating though jestures
protoimperatives
gesture communication that says I want it
protodeclaratives
intention is to share something
12 months
symbolic communication (locutionary stages)
locutionary stages
use of words
first words
symbolic stage
words as symbols
strategies
bracketing
detect divisions between clauses, phrases, words
clustering
detect phonotactic units within words
infant directed speech (IDS)
mothers
short utterances, core vocabulary
facial expressions and proxemic
questions and greetings (rituals-repetition)
paralinguistic variations
Usefulness of IDS
repetitiveness helps decode language
prosodic features help with child attention and stimulation
build conversation skills with questioning
Maternal communication behaviors
gaze
facial expression
head movement
proxemics
interactions between infant and caregiver
joint reference
joint action routines
game playing
routines
joint reference
4 phases
joint attention
intention to communicate
gesture and vocaliztion
naming and topicalization
joint action routines
ways for kids and parents to interact (soooooo biiigggg)
game playing
progress form imitation "copy cat" and other social games to object play
games share many attributes with conversation
games are enjoyable
Big ideas of describing language
there are different theoretical perspectives on how language development occurs
research drives our practice and it is important to understand into about a study sample, method of data collection, nd analysis to evaluate this research
Language learning
utilize innate universal grammar to understand the structure of that language
limitation: much of what is said are memorized words or phrases
Who studies language
linguists
psycholinguists
behavioral psychologists
speech paths
nature vs nurture
generative or nativists
interactionist (constructionism and emergentism)
behaviorsim
bf skinner
believed that children learn language through modeling and conditioning
doesn't give a full picture of language development
nativist/generative
nature
theorist- Noam Chomsky
language acquisition device
emphasis on language structure
universal grammar
interactyonlistic approach
nurture
interested in language structure similar to nativists
language learning dependent on general cognitive mechanism
child is a contributing member of learning process
language structure emerges from use
linitation
although language heard varies form child to child, language learning and use is very similar
language research
basic research and applied research
3 goals of language research
discover and confirm general principals and patterns of development
clarify relationship of language development to other areas
provide a theoretical description of language development
issues in language research
method of data collection
speech production
language comprehension
expressive language
structured testing/ standardized assessments
language sampling
Issues with learning research
sample size and variability
amount of language collected (100 utterances)
naturalness and representativeness of data
naturalness
typical contents and routines
representativeness
as many typical experiences as possible
collection procedures
diary accounts
checklist
parent reports
direct and digitally recorded observation
analysis procedures
scores on standardized tests
MLU- mean length of utterances
number of words/different words