Research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involved a technique known as
introspection
Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) ________ psychologist.
developmental
Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.
social-culural
Mark believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods because this has enhanced human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.
evolutionary
The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a
psychiatrist
Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?
sigmund freud
humanistic psychologists focused on importance of
healthy growth potential
in the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to __________ and Plato is to _______
nurture;nature
which of the following innovations differentiated Wilhelm Wundt's research the most from any psychologists before him?
laboratory research
which statement best exemplifies contemporary psychology's understanding of nature and nurture issue?
depression is a disorder of the brain and of thought
Mr. Brown uses her knowledge of a person's cognitive processes to design computer programs that are easier to use Mr. Brown is most likely a _____ psychologist
human factors
Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?
william james
Margaret has difficulty speaking in front of her classmates and explains to a friend, "Everybody in my family is shy, so it must be genetic." Using the biopsychosocial approach to understanding her behavior, Margaret should
examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences on shyness
Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently exposed to external pressures to fight. Natassia's belief most directly exemplifies the ________ perspective.
behavioral
Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
behavioral
the nineteenth-century theory that bumps on the skull reveal a person's abilities and traits is called
phenology
Which type of psychologist most directly investigates the links between biological activity and our thinking and behaviors?
biological psychologist
The function of dendrites is to
receive incoming signals from other neurons
The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the
myelin sheath
As you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in response to the light coming from this paper. Which type of neuron is carrying this message to the brain?
sensory
A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the
action potential
the minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse called the
threshold
the axon of resting neuron has gates that do not allow positive sodium ions to pass through the cell membrane. what is the characteristic called?
selective permeability
The movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a(n)
action potential
Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron's reaction is
an all-or-none response
Sir Charles Sherrington observed that impulses took more time to travel a neural pathway than he might have anticipated. His observation provided evidence for the existence of
synaptic gaps
Within a single neuron the action potential
travels in one direction toward the axon terminals
Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess serotonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place?
reuptake
When the release of ACh is blocked, the result is
muscular paralysis
The tremors of Parkinson's disease result from the death of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter
dopamine
A person with schizophrenia may have an overactive dopamine system. Drugs used to treat this disorder prevent the action of dopamine by keeping it from binding its receptors. These drugs are
antagonists
The somatic nervous system is a component of the _____ nervous system
peripheral
A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a(n)
reflex
The master gland of the endocrine system is the
pituitary gland
Mandy comes home late. As she reached to turn on the kitchen light, her hand brushed against something unexpected. Her adrenal glands, as part of the "fight-or-flight" response, released epinephrine and norepinephrine, which increased her heart rate and b
that endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages
a brain lesion refers to________ of brain tissue
destruction
Which brain structure receives information from all the senses except smell?
thalamus
Which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear?
amygdala
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements is called the
motor cortex
Someone who has difficulty speaking after a stroke is suffering from which of the following?
aphasia
Physical exercise and exposure to stimulating environments are most likely to promote
neurogenesis
what is the interdisciplinary study of how brain activity is linked with our mental processes called?
cognitive neuroscience
When looking at a flying bird, we are consciously aware of our cognitive processing ("It's a bird!") but not of our subconscious processing of the bird's form, color, distance, and movement. This illustrates what psychologists call
dual processing
French psychiatrist Joseph Capgras described a patient who reported that imposters had replaced her husband, children, and herself. Her inability to recognize the faces of her close family members or herself suggests that the
right hemisphere of her brain was damaged
The cortical regions that are not directly involved in sensory or motor functions are known as
association areas
the surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of
visual perception
which of the following techniques would surgeons use in mapping the areas of the brain responsible for specific activities, such as movement or speech?
PET scan
Your life would most immediately be threatened if you suffered destruction of the
medulla
which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name
reticular formation
Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal functioning of your
cerebral cortex
in 1848, Phineas Gage, survived damage to the
frontal lobe
Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs?
sensory cortex
When asked to describe a picture that showed two boys stealing cookies behind a woman's back, a patient replied, "Mother is away her working her work to get her better, but when she's looking the two boys looking the other part." Which brain region has mo
wernicke's area
If a blind person uses one finger to read Braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as the sense of touch invades the visual cortex. This is an example of
brain plasticity
the occipital lobes are to______ as temporal lobes are to _______
seeing;hearing
By helping each other we are more likely to survive and reproduce
evolutionary (extra finger)
a specific brain region underlies our experience of empathy for persons in distress
biological (pinky)
unconscious sexual motivation prompts our willingness to help others
psycodynamic (thumb)
we are most likely to help those we percieve as similar to ourselves and whom we believe deserve our assistance
cognitive (index finger)
by helping others, we achieve a better sense of self-fulfillment
humanistic (ring finger)
the willingness of people to help varies greatly across the world's societies
sociocultural (palm)
children who have been rewarded for helpful behavior are more likely to be helpful in future interpersonal interactions
behavioristic (middle finger)