Oxygen makes up approximately how much of the air?
21%
If you were to encounter an unexpected incident during or following the administration of nitrous oxide inhalation analgesia, you are required by law to report the incident to the MN Board of Dentistry within ____ days?
10
In the state of MN, licensed dental assistants are only allowed to MONITOR nitrous oxide inhalation analgesia not ADMINISTER (T/F)
FALSE
What are some safety features of nitrous oxide - oxygen units?
Index safety system, fail safe, alarm system
The individual that was recognized as the "Father of Anesthesia" by the ADA
Horace Wells
Which of the following would be an appropriate example of the recommended titration technique?
Wait to administer a subsequent dose until there is sufficient time to evaluate the effects from the preceding dose
The oxygen fail-safe system device that is required on all nitrous oxide-oxygen units ensures that:
100% nitrous cannot be delivered
The individual credited with the discovery of nitrous oxide
Joseph Priestly
What is the purpose of the non-rebreathing value, located near the reservoir bag?
Stops exhaled CO2 gas from entering the reservoir bag
As you begin N2O/O2 administration, you deliver 7L/min of oxygen while securing the nasal hood to the patient. As the patient inhales, you notice the reservoir bag is collapsing. What is your next course of action?
Increase the oxygen flow to the patient
Which of the following indicates the procedure to follow when a patient suddenly feels uncomfortable in any way during the N2O/O2 sedation?
Decrease the percentage of nitrous oxide being delivered to the patient
In the state of MN, a dental hygienist can administer nitrous oxide inhalation analgesia under indirect supervision (T/F)
FALSE
A drug that diffuses immediately into the blood and is rapidly distributed across the body is considered
Relatively insoluble
Currently all of the nitrous oxide-oxygen units in the U.S. are designed to deliver a minimum of ___ oxygen at all times
30%
Nitrous oxide is often used during induction of general anesthesia because it promotes the rapid uptake of a more potent general anesthesia agent. This property is called
The second gas effect
If a normal healthy patient presents with respirations of 16 RPM what would their minute ventilation be?
8 L/min
A pulse rate of 95 BPM for a 6 year old child would be considered
Normal
All but one of the following are signs of an appropriate level of sedation using N2O/O2. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
Patient is unable to keep mouth open
A tingling sensation in the extremities is a sign seen with all patients using N2O/O2 sedation. All patients appropriately sedated using N2O/O2 will have intact cough and gag reflexes.
First false, second true
A 52 year old patient with hypertension being controlled by daily medication would be classified as what ASA?
ASA II
All of the following are relative contraindications of N2O/O2 use except one. Which one of the following indicates when N2O/O2 should be used?
Hypersensitive gag reflex
N2O has a significant negative impact on which of the following body systems?
None
Which reflexes are considered to be your protective airway reflexes?
Laryngeal and pharyngeal
What is the term used to define the decrease in blood oxygen saturation caused by the rapid exit of nitrous oxide upon its discontinuation?
Diffusion hypoxia
Which of the following presents a sign with respect to hearing that would indicate appropriate level of sedation?
Voices seem further away
What value would be considered a normal SpO2 level in a normal healthy patient with no lung disease?
98-100%
All but one of the following are signs of patient over sedation when using N2O/O2 sedation. Which one is the exception?
Slow blink rate
The rapid onset of action with N2O/O2 sedation is advantageous. Effects are usually seen within ____ minutes
5
The current "best practice guidelines" for N2O/O2 sedation used in the U.S. are recommended by each of the following organizations except one. Which one is the EXCEPTION
FDA
The primary objective of physiologic pain is to
Provide protection for the body against potential damage
Each of the following is a sign that an individual may be anxious except one. Which one is the EXCEPTION
Tendency to fall asleep
The number of deaths associated with the use of N2O/O2 sedation in a dental office as the sole sedative agent and using appropriate equipment and technique is
None
The concept of individual biovariability when administering drugs is based on the premise that
Individuals may not react similarly to the same drug on different days
The drug induced state during which patients respond normally to verbal commands and have possible cognitive and coordination impairment, but ventilatory and cardiovascular functions remain unaffected is
Minimal sedation
Which of the following would best describe the amnesic effect associated with N2O/O2 sedation on a patient?
The patient believes less time passed than was actually spent at the appointment
The drug most commonly delivered concomitantly with N2O/O2 in the dental setting is
Local anesthetic
A patient that does not show any signs or symptoms during the administration of N2O/O2 sedation is considered to be
Hyporesponsive
Each of the following can be accomplished using the titration technique for N2O/O2 sedation except one. Which one is the EXCEPTION
Standardizes all patient reactions
The least frequently observes sign of N2O/O2 sedation in children is
Laughter
Virtual reality (VR) works to reduce pain by what means?
Immersive distraction
Which medical condition requires caution and is recommended to get approval by the child's pediatrician before administration of nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation?
-Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)
-Severe asthma
-Chronic bronchitis
Rapid induction is the method of administering nitrous oxide in incremental dosages until the desired endpoint is reached (T/F)
FALSE
Each of the following is relevant to pediatric N2O/O2 sedation except one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
Patients weight
The initial flow of O2 in liters per minute (L/min) for a child between the ages of 3 and 5 years of age should be set to
3-5 L/min
All of the following are contraindications for use of nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation in a pediatric patient except
Patients with ASA I or II classification
Virtual reality (VR) can reduce pain-related brain activity in all 5 areas of the brain (T/F)
TRUE
Which of the following has the largest impact on adverse events?
Duration of nitrous oxide exposure
Inadequate sedation or failure is more frequently reported when N2O/O2 is administered in patients with
Intellectual disability
Blood gas partition coefficient
How quickly the agent crosses the pulmonary membrane and enters the bloodstream
The first clinical use of nitrous was in the
Ether Dome
The American Dental Society of Anesthesiology established guidelines for teaching pain and anxiety control in dentistry in what year?
1962
N2O stands for
Dinitrogen Monoxide
How quickly an agent/molecule crosses the pulmonary membrane and enters the bloodstream is determined by the
Blood gas partition coefficient