4 Classes of Brain Waves
alpha, beta, theta, delta
Apha waves
low amplitude; awake but relaxed; 8-13 Hz
Beta Waves
rhythmic but irregular; awake and alert;14-25 Hz
Theta Waves
Awake children; 4-7HZ
Delta waves
high amplitude; deep sleep ; 4Hz or less
True or False
The amplitude of a brain wave does not reflect the amount of electrical activity of individual neurons, but rather the synchronization of many neurons
True
Brain Waves change with
Age, sensory stimuli, brain disease, and chemical state of the body
consciousness
A person's preception of sensations, voluntary initiation and control of movement, and higher mental processing through activity in the cerebral cortex
clinical consciousness levels
Alertness
Drowsiness
Stupor
Coma
All but what form of unconsciousness are considered to be signs of brain function impariment
sleep
syncope
fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum
Coma
brain is totally unresponsive due to a blow to the head and damage to the brain
What activity is depressed during sleep
Cortical activity, however some brain stem functions continue as well as HR, respiration and BP
2 Major Types of sleep
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)
Rapid eye movement (REM)
How long does it take for REM sleep to begin?
90 mins
True or False
NREM sleep gets deeper and deeper and as the sleep continues the frequency of the waves decline while the amplitude increases
FALSE: this is true of REM sleep
4 Stage of NREM
1) Eyes closed relaxed, 1-7 min
2) light sleep, dream fragments occur harder to awaken
3) Moderately deep sleep HR and body temp fall
4) deep sleep, body temp and HR low
REM sleep
HR and respiration increase; most dreaming occurs, short periods of 5-10 minutes initially and gradually lengthen as sleep progresses
When REM hits about how long does it last?
5-10 mins
When does REM begin?
After about 90 minutes
Infant sleeping patterns
Normally sleep about 16 hours wih REM occurring for 50% of the time.
True or False:
REM sleep declines until age 60
FALSE:
REM sleep declines until age 10 when it stabilizes at 25%
What stage of sleep begins to decline steadily throughout life and often disappears completely in those over 60
NREM stage 4
The wakeful state is regulated by
the Reticular Activating System (RAS)
RAS Neurins relay sensory stimuli to the cerebrum through the
thalamus
Within the RAS system what keeps the cerebrum aroused and alert?
The continuous stream of sensory stimuli
What two areas of the brain do languages revolve?
Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area
Working memory
short term memory
What memory has a limitless capacity for information?
Long term memory
Can you forget long term memory?
Yes
Factors of transferring information from STM to LTM
1) Emotional State
2)Rehersal
3)Association
4)Automatic Memory
memory consolidation
Fitting new facts into already existing categories of LTM
Fact Memory
declarative memory
declarative memory
the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; such as names, faces and words
Skill Memory
Non-declarative
non-declarative memory
less conscious learning and usually involves motor activities; acquired only through experience and repetition and once learned is hard to unlearn
Brai structures involved in declarative memory
Association Campus
Cortical neurons
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Association campus
retrieves LTM
Cortical Neurons of basal forebrain
release Ach that send input to the prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe to activate LTM
Hippocampus
plays a major role in memory consolidation
Cerebellum
Motor memory
Motor and sensory inputs are sent to
basal nuclei where they either relay input via thalamus to the premotor cortex or recieve input from dopamine releasing neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain.
anterograde amnesia
new sensory inputs cannot be associated with the old "lives in the here and now
What is damaged with anterograde amnesia?
Hippocampus and temporal lobes
Retrograde Amnesia
loss of memories formed in the distant past