The speed of light in air
is independent of the wavelength and frequency of light
Elements in the same column of the periodic table ( groups labeled A) tend to have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of
Valence electrons
Ozone is considered an air pollutant in the ___, but is a valuable protective layer in the ____
Troposphere; Stratosphere
Which of the following is not likely to be a free radical?
A. NO
B.ClO
C. Cl
D. Cl2
D
Increasing frequency of light goes in this order...
Radio<Microwave<Infrared<Visible<Uv<xray<gamma
Isotopes of an element have the same number of ___, but different numbers of ____
Protons; neutrons
Which product of the UV decomposition of CFCs acts as the catalyst for ozone decomposition?
Chlorine radicals
In the Chapman cycle, ozone formation depends upon a sufficient concentration of oxygen atoms. Which step in the Chapman cycle produces oxygen atoms?
absorption of light (wavelength < 242 nm) by oxygen gas
Green light has a wavelength of 530.0 nm. What is the frequency of this light?
5.66 * 10 ^ 14 s-1
Blue light has a frequency of approx. 6.4 * 10 ^ 14 s-1. What is the energy of a photon of this light?
4.24 * 10 ^ -19 J
What is a highly reactive chemical species, species with unpaired electrons, and species such as H and OH?
Free readicals
Which component of the air is not an element?
1. N2
2. O3
3. H2O
4. Ar
3.
Sulfur reacts with oxygen gas to form sulfur trioxide. Write a balanced equation to represent the reaction.
Hint: Oxygen gas is a diatomic molecule
2S + 3O2 -> 2SO3
Ozone is a secondary pollutant. A secondary pollutant is?
Not produced directly but as the product of the interaction of two or more pollutants.
The EPA limit for O3 is .08ppm. Express this number as percentage.
.000008%
There are 6 * 10 ^-3 L carbon dioxide in 15 L of air. What is the concentration of carbon dioxide?
400 ppm
Catalytic converters reduce the amount of ___ in car exhaust.
Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen monoxide, and VOC's
The smallest unit of an element
Atom
a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement
Molecule
Made up of ONE kind of atom
Element
Many elements occur as ? which is made up or 2 atoms of one kind
Diatomic molecules
Made up of two or more DIFFERENT kinds of atoms
compound
Who invented the Quantum theory?
Albert Einstein
? should be viewed as individual bundles of energy called ___ ( particles of light)
Radiation; Photons
When the wavelength decreases, energy and frequency ___
Increase
When the wavelength increases, energy and frequency ____
Decrease
The ? of all electromagnetic waves ( light or radiaton) is the same.
Speed
Gamma rays have the ____ frequency & energy
Highest
Radio has the ____ frequency and energey
Lowest
Visible span of wavelength in nanometers is
400-700, ROY G BIV
Distance traveled between successive peaks
Wavelength
Number of waves passing a fixed point in one second
Frequency
Increase wavelength, frequency decreases, but speed of light remains ?
Constant
What in the stratosphere protects us from the UV radiation
Oxygen (O2) and Ozone (O3)
Least energetic of the 3 UV categories, Least damaging, reaches earths surface in greatest amount, longest wavelength.
UV-A
More energetic than UV-A, less energetic than UV-C, more damaging than UV-A, less than UV-C, most absorbed by O3 in the stratosphere.
UV-B
Most energetic of the three categories, Most damaging but totally absorbed by O2 and O3 in the stratosphere
UV-C
A physical combination of two or more substances present in variable amounts.
Mixture
Pure substances consist of 2 categories...
Elements or Compounds
Substances that can not be broken down into simpler ones by any chemical means
Elements
Pure substances made up of two or more elements in a fixed, characteristic chemical combination.
Compounds
Naming binary compounds
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
mono
di
tri
tetra
penta
hexa
hepta
octa
nona
What are the hydrocarbons or compounds and carbons
Mother Eats Peanut Butter
Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Butane C4H10
What is arranged in certain energy levels (or orbitals) around the nucleus
Electrons
Level 1 of the 1s orbital has maximum of ___ electrons
2
Level 2 of the 2s & 2p orbital has the maximum of ___ electrons
8
Level 3 of the 2s & 2p orbitals has the maximum of ___ electrons
8
What is found in the highest energy level and help to account for many of the observed trends in chemical properties.
Outer (Valence) Electrons
What tells you the number of valence electrons on the periodic table?
Group number
What is the representation of an atom or molecule that shoes its outer (valence) electrons?
Lewis structure
Why is NO2 a free radical?
Because you count the number of outer electrons & if the sum turns out odd they are a free radical
5 + (6*2) = 17
What is a major cause of stratospheric ozone depletion?
CFC
Inert, nontoxic compounds that contain CL or F or Br
Halons
What pollutant is known as the silent killer?
Carbon monoxide
Which pollutants source is fuel combustion?
Carbon monoxide and Nitrogen dioxide
Which pollutants source is burning coal and contributes to respiratory illness?
Sulfur dioxide
Which pollutants source is created by chemical reaction between oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compouds (VOCs). Also an airway irritant, aggravates asthma, and causes permanant lung damage from repeated exposures
Ozone (secondary pollutant)
The two risk factors of air pollutants involves...
Toxicity & Exposure
The intrinsic health hazard of a substance
Toxicity
The amount of substance encountered
-Concentration in the air
-Length of time
-Rate of breathing
Exposure
How many significant figures does 1,204 have?
4
How many significant figures does 0.005 have
1
How many significant figures does .00014 have
2
How many significant figures does 120,000 have
2
How many significant figures does 12.00 have?
4
How many significant figures does 800.0 have?
4
What group number and number of valence electrons does nitrogen have?
Group 5A; 5 outer
Free radicals contain an..
unpaired electron
The EPA limit for CO is 900 ppm. Express this number as a percentage.
.09%
The quantity 0.00000064 g expressed in scientific notation is:
6.4 x 10-7 g
Which pollutant are you more likely to encounter in dangerous concentrations indoors rather than outdoors?
Carbon monoxide
Catalytic converters reduce the amount of ________ in car exhaust.
CO
Ozone is a secondary pollutant. A secondary pollutant is
not produced directly but as the product of the interaction of two or more pollutants.
Decreased stratospheric ozone concentrations may lead to...
increased incidences of melanomas, a decreased production of crops such as wheat, sorghum, and peas, an increased occurrence of cataracts.
The wavelength of light in the X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum is
About the diameter of an atom cell
Chlorofluorocarbons rise to the stratosphere and
interact with UV energy to produce free radicals that destroy ozone.
Convert .00049 to ppm
490 ppm
Convert 83 ppm to a decimal
.00083
Convert .086% to ppm
860 ppm
Convert 27,000 ppm to %
2.7%
Convert 86 ppb to ppm
8.6 * 10 -8 ppm
Convert .086 ppm to ppb
8.6 * 10^1 ppb
4,200 ug = _____ g
.0042 g
1600 mL = ____ L
1.6 L
Calculate the volume of nitrogen gas in 50 L of air. The concentration of nitrogen in the air is 78%.
39
Balance the equation..
H2SO4 + Al(OH)3 -> H2O + Al2 (SO4)3
3, 2, 6, 1
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of nitrogen gas with oxygen gas to form nitrogen monoxide.
N2 + O2 -> 2NO
There are approx. 2*10^22 molecules and atoms in each breath we take and the concentration of CO in the air is approx 8 ppm. Approx how many molecules are in each breath we take?
2 * 10^17