Organic Chemistry
carbon
Products that are composed almost solely of organic compounds
clothes, foods, medicines, fuel, refrigerants, and soaps
Organic products obtained from natural sources
cotton, wool, silk
Organic products synthetically produced
nylon and polyester
Methane
the main component of natural gas (CH4)
Ethylene
used as starting material in the preparation of the plastic polyethylene (C2H4)
Characteristic features
1. All organic compounds contain carbon atoms & most contain hydrogen atoms.
2. Carbon forms single, double, and triple bonds to other carbon atoms.
3. Some compounds have chains of atoms and some compounds have rings.
4. Organic compounds may also contai
All organic compounds contain
carbon atoms and most contain hydrogen atoms
carbon always form
four covalent bonds
hydrogen always form
one covalent bond
Carbon forms _________________________ to other carbon atoms
single, double and triple bonds
A double bond contain
four electrons
a triple bond contains
six electrons
1 carbon bond
alkane
2 carbon bonds
alkene
3 carbon bonds
Alkyne
Some organic compounds have
chains of atoms and some have rings
organic compounds may also contain
elements other than carbon and hydrogen
Heteroatom
any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen
each heteroatom forms a
characteristic number of bonds, determined by its location in the periodic table
Common heteroatom
N, O, F, Cl, Br, and I
the common heteroatoms also have
nonbonding, lone pairs of electrons so that each atom is surrounded by an octect of electrons
4 =
# of bonds + # of lone pairs
Hydrogen # of bonds and # of nonbonded electron pairs
1 and 0
Carbon # of bonds and # of nonbonded electron pairs
4 and 0
Nitrogen # of bonds and # of nonbonded electron pairs
3 and 1
Oxygen # of bonds and # of nonbonded electron pairs
2 and 2
Halogen # of bonds and # of nonbonded electron pairs
1 and 3
Carbon-oxygen double bond
The most common multiple bond between carbon and a heteroatom
Condensed structures
all of the atoms are drawn in, but the two-electron bond lines and lone pairs on heteroatoms are generally omitted.
When drawing a skeletal structure assume there is
a carbon atom at the junction of any two lines or at the end of any line
there are enough hydrogens around each carbon to give it four bonds
When drawing skeletal structure draw in all
heteroatoms and the hydrogens directly bonded to each other
Drawing skeletal formulas: carbon atoms in a chain
maintain tetrahedral shape
are connected in a zigzag pattern
are drawn as two-dimensional
can be written in several conformations
a hexane molecule can be represented in several ways:
a molecular formula (such as acyclic or cyclic), a ball-and-stick model, an expanded structural formula, a condensed structural formula, a skeletal formula
functional group
is an atom or group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties
a functional group contains a
heteroatom, a multiple bond, or sometimes both
Functional groups: Hydrocarbons
alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic
Hydrocarbons
are compounds that contain only
carbon and hydrogen.
Alkanes
have only C-C single bonds and no functional group
Alkenes
have a C= C double bond as their functional group
Alkynes
have a C=C triple bond as their functional group
Aromatic hydrocarbons
contain a benzene ring,a six-membered ring with three double bonds
Halide
has a halogen
Ether
on either side
Amine
has N (protein) amino acid
Functional groups: Carbonyl groups
couponds contain a C=O group; (carbon-oxygen double bonds) are present in several different compounds
Examples of functional groups
Aldehyde, Ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amide
Acetaldehyde forms from the
oxidation of alcohol (OH)
Carbonyle =
no H
Carboxyle
OH
an amide contains
a N atom directly bonded to a C = O
an amine R-NH2 contains
N atom but no C=O
methane
the main component of natural gas which burns in the presence of oxygen
Ethanol
the alcohol present in wine and other alcoholic beverages, formed by the fermentation of sugar
Ethanol produced in the lab is
identical to ethanol produced in fermentation
Capsaicin
compound responsible for the characteristic spiciness of hot peppers, is the active ingredient in several topical creams for pain relief
Caffeine
bitter-tasting stimulant found in coffee, tea, cold, beverages and chocolate
a carbon atom has
four valence electrons available for bonding
A C atom surrounded by 4 atoms forms
4 single bonds
A C atom surrounded by 3 atoms forms
one double bond
A C atom surrounded by two atoms generally forms
one triple bond
Has a high melting point
inorganic
is not soluble in water
organic
has the formula CH3-CH2-CH3
organic
Has the formula HgCl2
inorganic
Burns easily in the air
organic
Has covalent bonds
organic
an atom surrounded by two groups
linear and has a bond angle of 180
an atom surrounded by three groups is
trigonal planar and has a bond angle of 120
an atom surrounded by 4 groups
tetrahedron and has a bond angle of 109.5
All carbons having four single bonds are
tetrahedryal
Condensed structures are used for
a compound having a chain of atoms bonded together, rather than a ring; all of the atoms are drawn in, but the two-electron0bond lines are generally omitted; lone pairs on heteroatoms are omitted
a carbon bonded to 3 H's becomes
CH3
a carbon bonded to 2 H's becomes
CH2
a carbon bonded to 1 H becomes
CH
Skeletal structures are used for
organic compounds containing both rings and chains of atoms
three important skeletal structures
1) there is a carbon atom at the junction of any two lines or at the end of any line
2) there are enough hydrogens around each carbon to give it four bonds
3) draw in all heteroatoms and the hydrogens directly bonded to them
each carbon in a skeletal structure needs
2 Hs
functional group definition
an atom or group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties
a functional group contains a
heteroatom, a multiple bond, or something both
R-
functional group
most common functional groups subdivided
hydrocarbons
compounds containing a single bond to a heteroatom
compounds containg a C=O group
Compounds containing a carbon-heteroatom single bond
alkyle halide, alcohol, ether, amine
Compounds containg a C=O group
aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amide
Aldehyde
has a hydrogen atom bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon
Carboxlyic aicd contains
an OH group bonded directly to the carbonyle carbon
an ester contain an
OR group bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon
Linear shape
2 groups, 2 atoms, 0 lone pairs
Trigonal planar
3 groups, 3 atoms, 0 lone pairs
Tetrahedral
4 groups, 4 atoms, 0 lone pairs
Trigonal pyramid
4 groups, 3 atoms, 1 lone pair
Bent
4 groups, 2 atoms, 2 lone pairs