alkanes
No functional group
alkenes
C-C pi bond
alkynes
two C-C pi bonds
aromatics
three C-c pi bonds
phenols
hydroxyl group on benzene
alkyl halides
C-X
alcohols
hydroxyl group
thiols
sulfhydryl group
ethers
O between two alkyl groups
epoxides
ether in a 3 membered ring
sulfide (or thioether)
S between two alkyl groups
ketones
carbonyl group (C=O)
aldehydes
carbonyl group (C=O)
carboxylic acids
carboxyl group (acidic proton and carbonyl group)
esters
carboalkoxy group
amides
carboxamide group
acyl halide (or acid halide)
halocarbonyl group
acid anhydride
anhydride group
amines
amino groups
ammonium ions
ammonium group
boranes
C-B sigma bond and an empty B 2p AO
nitroalkanes
nitro group
nitriles
nitrile group (two C-N pi bonds)
imines
imino group (C-N pi bond)
enamines
C-C pi bond attached to N
alkanes
No functional group
alkenes
C-C pi bond
alkynes
two C-C pi bonds
aromatics
three C-c pi bonds
phenols
hydroxyl group on benzene
alkyl halides
C-X
alcohols
hydroxyl group
thiols
sulfhydryl group
ethers
O between two alkyl groups
epoxides
ether in a 3 membered ring
sulfide (or thioether)
S between two alkyl groups
ketones
carbonyl group (C=O)
aldehydes
carbonyl group (C=O)
carboxylic acids
carboxyl group (acidic proton and carbonyl group)
esters
carboalkoxy group
amides
carboxamide group
acyl halide (or acid halide)
halocarbonyl group
acid anhydride
anhydride group
amines
amino groups
ammonium ions
ammonium group
boranes
C-B sigma bond and an empty B 2p AO
nitroalkanes
nitro group
nitriles
nitrile group (two C-N pi bonds)
imines
imino group (C-N pi bond)
enamines
C-C pi bond attached to N