PCC / CH2I2
turns primary alcohol into an aldehyde
(C6H5)3P-CHR / THF
turns the C=O ketone portion into C=CR
LiAlH4, ether / H3O+ (ketones)
turns ketones into hydroxyl groups
LiAlH4, ether / H3O+ (esters)
splits esters into two primary alcohols R1COOR2 becomes R1COH and R2OH
HOCH2CH2OH / H3O+
protects ketone by forming ring around it. released with H3O+
DIBAH / Toluene / H3O+ (ester)
splits an ester into an aldehyde and a primary alcohol
O3/Zn H3O+
splits a c=C into two aldehydes
NaBH4 / CH3OD
#NAME?
NH2OH / Cat. H+
replaces =O of ketone with NOH
NH2R
replaces =O of ketone with =NR
R1NHR2
replaces =O of ketone with =R1NR2
R2CuLi / H3O+ (alkene)
adds R to carbon of previous double bond
H2NNH2 / KOH
converts aldehydes and ketones into alkanes
NaBH4, ether / H3O+
turns ketones and aldehydes into -OH
CrO3, H3O+
forms carboxylic acid from primary alcohols
LiAlH4, THF / H3O+ (CN)
turns CN into NH2
EtMgI / H3O+ (CN)
C=O replaces CN and ethane adds in
NaOH, H2O / H3O+ (CN)
turns CN into a carboxylic acid
SOCl2, benzene / heat (NH2)
turns CONH2 into CN
KMnO4 (alkene)
splits C=C into two carboxylic acids
NBS, Mg
adds MgBr
CO2, H3O+
adds COOH to MgBr
CH3CH2OH / HCl
This O forms with the O on the carboxylic acid to form an ester
SOCl2
Cl replaces the OH of the carboxylic acid
HCl / H2O
breaks an ester into a carboxylic acid and a primary alcohol
NaOH
The Na bonds to the O- (of the previous OH of the carboxylic acid) and a primary alcohol is formed
ROH / HCl
the O of the alcohol forms with the carboxylic OH to form an ester
R2CuLi, ether (acid chloride)
R replaces Cl
R2MgBr (excess), ether / H3O+
C=O becomes C-OH and 2R bond to the C of the previous C=O
HNMe2 / LiAlH�4 (acid chloride)
In an acid chloride, the C=O disappears and the Cl is replaced by HNMe2
H2O (anhydrides)
breaks anhydride into two carboxylic acids
NaOH, H2O / anhydride reactant with OH, carbox
anhydride splits into two carboxylic acids�one of which bonds to the -OH substituent and forms an ester
NaOH, H2O / anhydride reactant with amide
anhydride splits and -COCH adds to the nitrogen
DIBAH, toluene / H3O+
splits a lactone into a chain with an aldehyde on one end and a hydroxyl on the other end