alkanes
compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen and contain only single bonds
hydrocarbons
compounds containing only hydrogens and carbons
straight chain alkanes
continuous alkane chains that form no branches
CnHn+2
general molecular formula of alkanes
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
homologous series
family of compounds where each member differs from the one before it in the series by only one methylene
methylene
CH2
constitutional isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but differ in the way the atoms are connected
increases
what happens to the number of different isomers as the the organic compound begins to grow?
systematic nomenclature
set of rules used to name a compound
alkyl substituents
result when a hydrogen is removed from an alkane
replace ane with yl
naming the alkyl substiuents
alcohol
when the hydrogen is replaced by an OH
alkyl halide
when the hydrogen is replaced by a halogen
ether
when the hydrogen is replaced by an OR
amines
which group of compound names is written as one word rather than multiple words?
primary carbon
carbon bonded to only one other carbon
secondary carbon
carbon that is bonded to two other carbons
tertiary carbon
carbon bonded to three other carbons
sec
prefix that is used to show the hydrogen has been removed from the secondary carbon; only used for butyl
tert
prefix used to show the hydrogen was taken from the tertiary carbon; used for butyl and pentyl
n
prefix used in the beginning of straight chain alkyl groups
primary hydrogen
hydrogen attached to a primary carbon
secondary hydrogen
hydrogen attached to a secondary carbon
tertiary hydrogen
hydrogen attached to tertiary carbons
parent hydrocarbon
longest continuous carbon chain
alkanes last name
the name that indicates the number o carbons that are in the parent hydrocarbon
alkyl group name
the name that is placed in front of the name of the parent hydrocarbon
lowest
give the subsistent the _________ possible number when numbering the carbons
no
do common names ever have numbers in them?
alphabetical
in what order are the substituents placed when naming
preceeding
the number that goes with the substiuent is placed ________ the name of it
prefix di tri tetra
what id done to the name of the substituent when there are more than one of the same?
first group listed aphabetically
if the same substitutient numbers are obtained in both directions when numbering the chain
hghly branced
when is the substituent name placed in parenthises?
yes
if a prefix is part of a branch name is it included in the alphabetization?
most highly substieted
if a compound has two or more chains of the same length, which is the parent hydrocarbon?
cycloalkances
alkanes with carbon atoms arranged in a ring structure
CnH2n
cycloalkane general formula
cyclo
prefix that is added to the name for a cycloalkane
skeletal structures
shows c-c bonds as lines but do not show c-h bonds; any other atom that might be included must be written
zig zag lines
how are acyclic molecules drawn using skeletal structures
the ring
what is the hydrocarbon in the cycloalkane usually
no
do you have to number the position of a single substituent on a ring?
assume it is at position one
why dont you have to number the carbons on a ring if there is only one substituent on it?
listed first
which substituent is given position one on the ring if there are two?
name of alkyl group followed by halogen
how do you write the common name of an alkyl halide?
ide
what is the ine ending of the halogen replaced by in naming
iupac naming
what type of naming treats alkyl halides as substituted alkanes
o
what do the prefixes for the halogens end with?
symmetrical ether
the alkyl substituents are identical (R-O-R)
unsymmetrical ether
the alkyl substituents are different (R-O-R')
names of alkyl substituents followed by ether
common names of ethers
smallest
what ethers are always named by their common names
alkane with an RO substituent
how does the iupac system name ethers?
oxy
substituent names of ethers by replacing the yl ending with...
primary alcohol
oh group attached to a primary carbon
secondary alcohol
oh group attached to a secondary carbon
tertiary alcohol
oh group attached to a tertiary carbon
alkyl group followed by alcohol
common name of alcohols
functional group
the center of reactivity in an organic molecule
ol
name of an alcohol is obtained by replacing the e at the end of the parent carbon with...
position of the functional group
in naming alcohols the number that is placed before the parent chain or preceding the suffix indicates the...
diol
suffix that is added to the name of the parent chain if 2 oh groups are present
functional group
if there is a functional group and a substituent which gets the lower number
primary amine
amine attached to one alkyl group
secondary amine
amine attached to 2 alkyl groups
tertiary amine
amine attached to 3 alkyl groups
alkyl groups attached to nitrogen followed by amine
common name for an amine
one word
how is the common name of an amine written
amine
what is the suffix that is used to denotate an amine functional group
nitrogen
the number in an amine name is used to denotate which carbon the ____________ is attached to
n
letter proceeding the name of any alkyl group bonded to the nitrogen indicates that the functional group is attached to a nitrogen instead of a carbon
quaternary ammonium salts
nitrogen compounds with 4 alkyl groups attached to nitrogen
positive
what type of charge does n have in a quaternary ammonium salt
alkyl groups followed by ammonium and then name of anion
name of a quaternary salt
longer and weaker
what happens to the bond as the size of the halogen increases
decreases
what happens to the electron density of the orbital as the volume of the halogen increases
alcohol and ether
what two types of molecules have to same geometry as the oxygen in a water molecule?
amine
the hydrogen in __________ has the same geometry as the hydrogen in ammonia
boiling point
the temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas
van der waals force
the residual attractive or repulsive forces between molecules or atomic groups that do not arise from a covalent bond, or ionic bonds.
induced dipole induced dipole interactions
temporary dipole in one molecule can induce a temporary molecule in a nearby molecule
induced dipole induced dipole interactions
weakest of all bonds
increases
with alkanes, as the molecular weigh increases, the boiling point....
lower
highly branched alkanes will have _______________ boiling point
electrostatic attractive forces
positive end of one molecule aligns adjacently to the negative end of another
ethers
do ethers or alkanes have a higher boiling point
polarizability
how readily an electron cloud can be distorted to create a strong induced dipole
larger
what size molecule is more likely to have a distorted electron cloud
hydrogen bonds
special type of dipole dipole interaction that occurs between hydrogen and either oxygen , nitrogen, or flourine
melting point
temperature at which a solid goes to a liquid
increases
the melting point of alkanes _________ with molecular weight
even
which has a higher melting point? an alkane with an even or odd number of carbons?
polar
polar compounds dissolve __________ compounds
nonpolar
nonpolar compounds dissolve ______________ compounds
solvation
interaction between solvent molecules and solvent molecules
nonpolar
are alkanes polar or non polar
alcohols
in this type of compound, as the alkyl group increases in size, the compound becomes more soluble in water
branched
which is more soluble in water branched or unbranched alkyl groups on an alcohol
soluble
an alcohol that has more than 4 carbons is _____________
amines
low molecular weight are soluble and form H bonds in water
alkyl flourides
which alkyl halides are the most soluble
conformers
the different spacial arrangements of the atoms in a molecule that result from the rotation of a single bond
staggered conformer
eclipsed conformer
conformational analysis
investigation of the various conformers of a compound and their relative stabilities
staggered conformation
sigma bond of the c-h bonding molecular orbital maximize stabilizing interactions with the c-h sigma bond of the antibonding orbital
hyper conjugation
delocalization of electrons by the overlap of a sigma orbital with an empty orbital
newman projection
assumes that the viewer is looking along the longitudinal axis of a particular c-c bond
butane
in what compound is the rotation about the c1-c2 bond have the same energy but around he c2-c3 does not
far apart
if the methyl groups are _________ the conformation will be more stable
anti conformer
most stable staggered conformer
gauch conformer
conformers have the same energy
steric strain
strain experienced by a molecule when atoms or groups are close enough for their electron clouds to repel each other
angle strain
caused from deviation from the ideal bond angle and decreases the stability cyclopentane
envelope conformation
cyclopentane is not planar, it puckers to allow some hydrogens to become almost staggered
chair conformers
cyclic compounds contain 6 membered rings because carbon rings that size can exist in a conformation
chair conformer
axial bonds
vertical bonds in a chair conformer that alternate below and above the ring
equatorial bonds
point outward from the ring on a slant in a chair conformation
ring flip
cyclohexane rapidly interconverts between 2 stable conformed because of ease of rotation around its bonds
boat conformer
conformer of cyclohexane that is free of angle strain but not stable because some of the c-h bonds are eclipsed
flagpole hydrogens
cause steric strain in the boat conformer
monosubstituted
in what type of cyclohexane are the two chair conformers not equivalent
equatorial
the conformers with the methyl substituent in what position is the most stable?
1,3 diaxial interactions
interacting axial substituents are in the 1,3 positions relative to each other
cis isomer
a conformer that has both substituents on the same side of the cyclohexane ring
trans isomer
a conformer that has substituents in different sides of the cyclohexane ring
geometric isomers
have different melting and boiling points because of their different arrangements in space
equally
are both cis transformers equally stable or is there a difference in which is more stable? if so which one?
equatorial
are both trans transformers equally stable or is there a difference in which is more stable? if so which one?
size of substituents
stability of trans isomers when two different substituents are present is dependent on...
fused rings
two cyclohexane rings that share two adjacent carbons
trans isomer
is a the trans or cis isomer of a fused cyclohexane ring more stable?
hormones
chemical messenger; organic compounds synthesized in glands and delivered by the blood stream ti target tissues to trigger a process
steriod
all 4 rings are transfused
cholesterol
most abundant steroid in animals; precursor in other steroids; important part of the cell membrane