Ketose
What is a carbohydrate with a ketone functional group? ex. D-Fructose
Aldose
What is an carbohydrate with an aldehyde functional group? ex. D-Mannose, D-Galactose, and D-Glucose are all Aldohexose.
Aldose/Ketose
What are the two major classifications of monosaccharides?
Pyranose
Cyclic Monosacchrides with 6 member heterocyclic ring?
Furanose
Cyclic Monosacchride with 5 member ring
Beta anomer
OH group is ABOVE the plane of the ring
Alpha anomer
OH group is BELOW the plane of the ring
Glycosidic linkage
Anomeric -OH of one monosacchride can react with another -OH on another monosacchride forming a disacchride.
Maltose
Two alpha-D-Glucose molecules linked together by alpha 1-4 glycosidic link (derrived from starch)
Sucrose
Alpha-D-glucose linked to beta-D-fructose via 1,2 glycosidic linkage (puranose-furanose)
Lactose
Beta-D-galactose linked to alpha-D-glucose to give beta 1,4 glycoside
homopolysaccharide
made up of multiple units of same monosaccharide (starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin)
heteropolysaccharides
Muliple units of more than one kind of monosaccharide (chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparin)
glycoconjugates
Carbohydrates that are covalently attached to a protein and lipid molecules (proteoglycans, glycoproteins, glycolipids)
Starch
Storage form of glucose found in plants, polymers of alpha-linked glucose; two types (amylose and amylopectin)
Amylose
Only 1,4 linkages; helical configuration, six glucose units per turn.
Amylopectin
Branched 1,4 and 1,6 linkages (1,6 is the branch) found in plants (starch).
Glycogen
Storage polysaccharide in animals, very highly branched.
Cellulose
Linear homopolymer of beta-D-glucose linked by beta-1,4 linkages (animals lack the enzymes neccessary to hydrolize).
Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
Which is/are glycoconjugates?
Proteoglycans
Found in the extracellular matrix GAG chains which are linked to core proteins.
Glycoproteins
Examples include antibodies, human blood group antigens A, B, AB and hormones FSH, LH, TSH.
Glycolipids
Present in nerve tissue (brain) and cell membranes e.g. Gangliosides.
Alpha-Amylase
Secreted by salivary glands and pancrease; cleave alpha 1, 4 linkages; polysaccharides to monosaccharides
oligosaccharidases
Maltase (glu), sucrase (glu-fru), isomaltase (glu), lactase (glu-gal), and trehalase (glu) all represent what?
GLUT transporters
Absorption of monosaccharides can be can be done through __________. (via cotransport of monosaccharides with Sodium).
Hyaluronates
Which is a heteropolysaccharide composed of D-glucuronate and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine?
Chondroitin 4- and 6- sulfates
Which is a heteropolysaccharide composed of D-glucuronate and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-4-sulfate?
Keratan sulfates
Which is a heteropolysaccharide composed of D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate?
Dematan sulfates
Which is a heteropolysaccharide composed of L-iduronate and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-4-sulfate?
Heparin/Heparan sulfates
Which is a heteropolysaccharide composed of L-iduronate-2-sulfate and N-sulfo-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate?
Maltase
Which oligosaccharidase acts as an exoglucosidase cleaving only alpha-1,4 linkages to produce glucose?
Sucrase
Which oligosaccharidase hydrolyzes oligosaccharides to produce glucose and fructose?
Isomaltase
Which oligosaccharidase cleaves alpha-1,6 linkages to produce glucose?
Lactase
Which oligosaccharidase cleaves beta-glycosidase linkages to produce glucose and galactose?
Trehalase
Which oligosaccharidase cleaves trehalose to produce glucose?
Sucrase and Lactase
Which oligosaccharidase(s) produce either fructose or galactose in addition to glucose?
Maltase, Isomaltase, and Trehalase
Which oligosaccharidase(s) produce only glucose?
GLUT 5
Which GLUT transporter is important for transporting fructose?
GLUT 4
Which GLUT transporter is important for transporting into skeletal muscle, heart, and fat?
GLUT 3
Which GLUT transporter is important for transporting into neurons?
GLUT 2
Which GLUT transporter is important for transporting into Liver, islet beta-cells, kidney and small intestine?
GLUT 1
Which GLUT transporter is important for transporting into many tissues?