Who is made up of 73% or more water?
Infants
Who is made up of 60% water?
Adult Males
Who is made up of 50% water and why?
Adult Females; higher fat content
On average, how much total body water is there?
40 L
What is the universal solvent?
Water
What kind of solutes are organic?
Nonelectrolytes
What is the most abundant solute?
Electrolytes
Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance
Electrolytes
In ECF, what is the major cation?
Sodium
In ECF, what is the major anion?
Chlorine
In ICF there is low what?
Sodium and Chlorine
In ICF, what is the major cation?
Potassium
In ICF, what is the major anion?
Hydrogen Phosphate
_____ is equal to _____ and is equal to about 2500 ml/day.
Water intake; Water output
What are ways water is lost?
Urine, Perspiration, Feces, and Insensible water loss
What is the driving force of water intake?
Thirst Mechanism
What are the hypothalamic thirst center osmoreceptors stimulated by?
Plasma osmolality of 2-3%, angiotensin II, dry mouth, and substantial decrease in blood volume or pressure
What creates inhibition of the thirst center?
Drinking Water
What is the MINIMUM daily sensible water loss in urine?
500 mL
What is water reabsorption in collecting ducts proportional to?
ADH release
What is the main trigger of ADH release?
Hypothalamic Osmoreceptors
What are some other factors of ADH release?
Changes in blood volume or pressure
What causes negative fluid balance?
ECF water loss due to hemorrhage, severe burns, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, or diuretic abuse
What are the signs and symptoms of negative fluid balance?
Thirst, dry flushed skin, and oliguria
What are the side effects of negative fluid balance?
Weight loss, fever, mental confusion, hypovolemic shock, and loss of electrolytes
What is Hypotonic Hydration?
Cellular overhydration
What causes Hypotonic Hydration?
Renal insufficiency or rapid excess water ingestion
What are the side effects of Hypotonic Hydration?
Severe metabolic disturbances, nausea, vomiting, muscular cramping, cerebral edema, possible death
Atypical accumulation of IF fluid (tissue swelling)
Edema
This is due to anything that increases flow of fluid out of the blood or hinders its return
Edema
Abnormally low level of sodium in the blood
Hyponatremia
Abnormally low level of protein in the blood
Hypoproteinemia
What are salts, acids, and bases?
Electrolytes
What does electrolyte balance usually refer to?
Salt balance
What are the importances of salts?
Controlling fluid movements, excitability, secretory activity, and membrane permeability
What do changes in plasma sodium levels affect?
Plasma volume, blood pressure, and ICF and IF volumes
These are coupled to sodium ion transport
Renal acid-base control mechanisms
There are no known receptors in the body that monitor what levels?
Sodium
65% of sodium is reabsorbed where?
In the proximal tubules
25% of sodium is reclaimed where?
In the loops of Henle
Water follows sodium if what is present?
ADH
What is the main trigger for aldosterone release?
Renin-angiotensin mechanism
Granular cells of JGA secrete renin in response to what three things?
Sympathetic nervous system stimulation, filtrate osmolality, and stretch due to blood pressure
Renin catalyzes the production of what, which prompts what?
Angiontensin II; Aldosterone
_____ release is also triggered by elevated K+ levels in the ECF
Aldosterone
_____ brings about its effects slowly. (hours to days)
Aldosterone
Released by atrial cells in response to stretch (blood pressure)
ANP
ANP decreases what?
Blood pressure and blood volume
This promotes vasodilation directly and also by decreasing production of angiotensin II
ANP
What regulates the remaining 10% of sodium that is not reabsorbed?
Hormones
Abnormally low level of calcium in the blood
Hypocalcemia
Excessive calcium in the blood
Hypercalcemia
This imbalance inhibits neurons and muscle cells, and may cause heart arrhythmias
Hypercalcemia
__ affects all functional proteins and biochemical reactions.
pH
What is the pH of arterial blood?
7.4
What is the pH of venous blood and IF fluid?
7.35
What is the pH of ICF?
7.0
What is calcium balance controlled by?
Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin
What is alkalosis (alkalemia)?
pH greater than 7.45, which means a decrease in CO2 and H+
What is acidosis?
pH less than 7.35, which means an increase in CO2 and H+
Most H+ is produced by what?
Metabolism
The amount of H+ you produce is tied to what?
CO2
Bones are the largest reservoir for what?
Calcium and Phosphates
__ is regulated by chemical buffer systems, brain stem respiratory centers, and renal mechanisms
H+
System of one or more compounds that act to resist pH changes when strong acid or base is added
Chemical Buffer
Name some chemical buffer systems.
Bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system, and protein buffer system
Respiratory acidosis is also known as what?
Hypoventilation
Respiratory alkalosis is also known as what?
Hyperventilation
_____eliminate volatile carbonic acid by eliminating CO2.
Lungs
_____ eliminate fixed metabolic acids such as phosphoric, uric, and lactic acids, and ketones
Kidneys
What are the most important renal mechanisms?
Conserving and excreting HCO3