Ed Psych Exam 2

Prior knowledge

encompasses all that a person knows or believes; one's mental histories

behaviorism

the study of human actions devoid of the interference of human thought or reasoning

classical conditioning

tapping into the natural stimulus-response pairings that already exist to form new ones

operant conditioning

voluntary actions can be conditioned through the systematic and effective use of reinforcers and punishments

unconditioned stimulus

any stimulus that can evoke a response without going through learning

unconditioned response

the natural reaction one has to a stimulus without going through learning

conditioned stimulus

a formerly neutral stimulus that, after learning and association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to produce a conditioned response

Conditioned response

the learned response to a conditioned stimulus instead of an unconditioned stimulus

positive reinforcement

giving something desirable with the intent of encouraging the behavior

negative reinforcement

taking away something undesirable to increase the likelihood of a behavior

presentation punishment

decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by giving something undesirable

removal punishment

decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by taking away something desirable

information-processing model

explains how individuals take in information from the environment and transform it into stored knowledge

Cognitive constructivism

knowledge is individually formed and an individual possession that can only be learned at levels of appropriate mental development

Radical constructivism

we create knowledge and it is based solely on our individual perceptions

Social constructivism

thinking and learning are dependent on social interactions and reflective of cultural values

Situated cognition

Focuses on the physical and human resources in the environment and concerned for the immediate context and process of knowing rather than the product of knowledge

Socioculturalism

the roots of learning and development exist in human sociocultural interactions and the way groups construct understandings

declarative knowledge

specific labels, facts, definitions, explanations, or descriptions

procedural knowledge

the how's of understanding critical to efficient and effective functioning

conditional knowledge

understanding when, where and for what reason knowledge should be brought into play

explicit knowledge

the component of knowledge that surfaces in the realm of consciousness

implicit knowledge

the portion of our knowledge base that lies outside our direct awareness

unschooled knowledge

those understandings acquired as a result of out of school experiences

schooled knowledge

knowledge that is the outcome of intentional learning

inert knowledge

knowledge that does not guide actions or color perceptions in a meaningful way

academic domains

recognized and institutionalized educational fields or subjects

encryption

the codification or representation of concepts and procedures in symbolic form

well-structured tasks

tasks for which there are typically agreed upon answers and accepted means of getting those answers

ill-structured problems

tasks that have a wide range of acceptable outcomes and as many means of reaching those ends as students in the class

reading

deciphering a written message and constructing meaning from the linguistic clues the message provides

decoding

breaking the linguistic code down

encoding

achieving fluency in converting encryptions into meaning

phonological awareness

sensitivity to the sounds that comprise a given language

syntax

grammatic structure of language

semantics

the meaning of a language's linguistic units

signaling

in writing, the use of transitions to tell readers how textual units fit together

corroboration

comparing events or details presented in one source with those offered in other accounts before accepting them as valid

contextualization

situating some particular event or account in the sociopolitical context in which it occurred

sourcing

determining who provided the information and what motives/beliefs may have shaded their perceptions

interpretation

formulating an opinion about some aspects of the past

explanation

communicating interpretations to others in an appropriate manner

quantification

a sense of quantity or amount

abstraction

processes in which marks or symbols come to represent more than their explicit physical nature

idealization

when physical objects in the environment are internalized as perfect mathematical forms

generalization

consolidating info into a more encompassing statement

representation

the process by which individuals form an internal, mental model of the info before them or an external depiction of that internal model

translation

the ability to convey models in some alternative format

observing

in science, seeing the world with a critical and probing eye

chronicling

in science, documenting observations for subsequent analysis

conceptual change

all modifications of conceptual knowledge structures and how people understand and respond to the world around them

accretion

the simplest and subtlest form of conceptual change involving an elaboration or enrichment of existing knowledge structures through experience or the acquisition of relevant information

weak restructuring

reshaping and adjusting mental frameworks in order to grow conceptually

radical restructuring

conceptual changes that reflect an alteration of fundamental world views

concepts

the labels we apply to webs of ideas linked by shared characteristics

persuasion

the process of stimulating or compelling individuals to alter their personal beliefs

perceived knowledge

what individuals think they know about some topic

demonstrated knowledge

what an individual shows they know about a topic

transfer

the use of knowledge and skills acquired under one set of conditions in alternative conditions

extraordinary

transfer involving significant insights that others would judge as highly creative or transforming

everyday

numerous, mundane, less dramatic occasions for knowledge transfer

positive transfer

the ability to use existing knowledge to facilitate (transfer) learning and development in new and varied contexts

negative transfer

when prior knowledge hurts performance in new contexts (transfer)

functional fixedness

the tendency to see objects or experiences from a single, everyday point of view

near transfer

transfer that occurs in small steps across tasks that are highly similar

far transfer

transfer in which the distance between what has been taught and what is required for the new application if knowledge is greater

general transfer

the positive and global effect on general academic performance as a result of learning one body of rigorous content

specific transfer

learning one body of content improves specific content learning

low road

a mindless transfer achieved by routine practice of problem-solving skills

high road

a mindful and reflective transfer that requires exploration of complex problems encountered from diverse perspectives

reproductive thinking

mimicking thoughts or procedures presented by others

productive thinking

constructing new interpretations or devising new insights from available information

analogical thinking

thinking based on the processes of discerning relations among aspects of two seemingly dissimilar ideas, objects, or events

bridging

setting the stage for transfer by providing students with a pathway from old to new content

prompting

reminders by teachers to reach back into prior knowledge and content

strategies

mental operations or techniques that are employed to solve problems or to enhance performance

skills

procedures that have been routinized or have become mental habits

chunking

sorting information to improve memory

self-analysis

the ability to judge one's own performance

positive self-talk

internal conversations that encourage reflection and problem solving

self-regulation

the assessment and oversight of more than cognition

strategic teaching

enhancing the strategic thinking that occurs in the learning environment