System
Collection of matter within a clearly defined boundary across which no matter passes
environment
everything outside a system that can affect or be affected by the system's behavior
Isovolumetric process
A thermodynamic process that takes place at a constant volume so that no work is done on it by the system
Isothermal process
a thermodynamic process that takes place at constant temperature and in which the internal energy of a system remains unchanged
Adiabatic process
A thermodynamic process during which work is done on or by the system but no energy is transferred to or from the system as heat
first law of thermodynamics
The principle that takes into account a system's internal energy as well as work and heat
Cyclic process
A thermodynamic process in which a system returns to the same conditions under which it started
Entropy
A measure of the disorder of a system
Second law of thermodynamics
States that no cyclic process that converts heat entirely into work is possible
As long as a substance does not change phase, it's internal energy will ________ as it's temperature rises
Decrease
In thermodynamics, work is the product of the change in the ______ of a gas and the ________ applied on or by a gas
Volume, pressure
In a closed system, mechanical energy ________ ________
Remains constant
The greater the difference between the amount of energy transferred as heat into and out of the engine, the ____ work the engine can do.
More
What type of engine can operate at 100% efficiency
No real engine can operate at 100% efficiency
What is "heat death"?
When all processes will cease because entropy in the universe has reached its max value and there will be no energy for work, only heat
What happens to the energy available for work when entropy increases
Energy available for work would decrease
If you break a mirror, what happens to the entropy of this system?
The entropy increase, because there is more disorder with more pieces
If the entropy of part of a system decreases, what must happen to the entropy of the total system?
It must increase by a larger amount to keep the entropy positive
If the entropy of a system decreases, what must happen to the entropy of the environment surrounding the system?
It must have a greater increase
Will the amount of energy in the universe ever change? Why or why not?
No, because of the Law of Conservation of Energy
What is the trend of entropy of the universe?
It is always increasing in the universe
What are the equations for efficiency
(Qh-Qc)/Qh, Wnet/Qh
What can be said about the relationship between experimental and calculated efficiencies
Experimental efficiencies can never reach the calculated efficiencies
If a system's properties at the end of the process are identical to the system's properties before the process took place, what is the change in internal energy?
There would be no change in internal energy