Products of complete combustion
Co2 + water
Test for alkenes
Turns bromine water orange -> colourless
What type of reaction is cracking
Thermal decomposition
Condition for addition reaction of alkene and hydrogen
60 degrees + nickel catalyst
What is a pure substance
A single element or compound, not mixed with any mother substance
(Has specific and fixed Melting + boiling point)
What is a formulation
A mixture that has been designed as a useful product with definite proportions
How to test for hydrogen
Metal + acid
Lit splint = squeaky pop
How to test for oxygen
D�composition of hydrogen peroxide with a manganese oxide catalyst
Glowing splint relights
How to test for CO2
Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid -> calcium chloride + water + co2
Turns limewater Cloudy
How to test for chlorine
Hydrochloric acid + moistened potassium manganate crystals
Bleaches damp blue litmus paper
What do impurities do?
Lower the melting point
Raise the boiling pint
In chromatography, what is the mobile phase
The solvent - moves through stationary phase, carrying compounds with it
Equation for chromatography
Rf = distance moves by substance / distance moved by solvent
Copper (II) ppt colour and equation
Blue port Cu(oH)2
Iron (II) ppt colour and equation
Green Fe(OH)2
Iron (III) ppt colour and equation
Brown Fe(OH)2
Which ion redissolvws in excess out of aluminium, magnesium and calcium
Aluminium
Lithium flame colour
Crimson red
Calcium flame colour
Brick red
Potassium flame colour
Lilac
Copper flame colour
Green
Sodium flame coulour
Yellow
How to test for sulfates
Add sulfate solution to HCL and barium chloride
White ppt, barium sulfate BaSO4 is produced
Test for carbonates
Add dilute acid to carbonate
CO2 gas is produced which turns limewater cloudy
Testing for halides
Add nitric acid and silver nitrate to halide solution
Ppt of silver balise forms of present
Colour of iodide ppt
Yellow
Colour of Bromide ppt
Green
Colour of chloride ppt
White
What did Earth's early atmosphere contain?
CO2, water vapour, nitrogen and traces of methane and ammonia
How can sulfur impurities be removed
By reacting fuel with calcium oxide
Stages of sewage treatment
Metal screening -> primary treatment (sedimentation) -> secondary treatment (anaerobic and aerobic) -> final treatment (sterilisation)
What happens during the primary treatment of sewage waste
Produces Sewage sludge and effluent + separates them
What happens during the secondary treatment of sewage waste
Aerobic respiration - removes organic matter + harmful organisms from effluent
Anaerobic respiration - digests sewage sludge
What are the two methods of extracting copper from copper ore
Add sulfuric acid to produce copper sulfate solution - extract during electrolysis or displacement
Smelting - copper heated to high temp in furnace - produces injure copper - used as + electrode in electrolysis
How can copper be extracted from low grade ores
Phytomining
Bioleaching
What does a LCA do
Asses environmental impact of products, processes or services
3 things that the RRR campaign aims to reduce
Amount of waste we produce
Amount of finite resources we use
Amount of energy we use
What is sustainable development?
An approach to development that takes account the needs of present society without damaging the lives of future generations
Potable water
Water that is safe to drink
Contains low levels of dissolved salts/ minerals
Free of microbes
Stages in water treatment
Filter screens -> filter beds -> Remove microbes -> check PH
What is the prices of converting salty water to potable water called
Desalination
Two methods of desalination
Distillation/ flash distillation (boiling water under reduced pressure)
Reverse osmosis
What is reverse osmosis
Uses membranes to separate water from dissolved salts
What is rusting?
The corrosion of iron
What is corrosion?
Destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment
Conditions of rusting
Water + Oxygen + iron
What accelerates rusting
Salt
What does iron become when rusted
Hydrated iron (III) oxide
Fe2O3
How to prevent corrosion - barrier method (4)
Paint
Grease/Oil
Plastic
Less reactive metal
What is sacrificial protection
Coating iron with a more reactive metal
Iron is galvanised by zinc
Why is a more reactive metal used in sacrificial protection
It is more likely to lose electrons and become oxidised therefore, water and oxygen reacts with zinc rather than iron
Zinc = stronger reducing agent
Properties of Bronze
Tin + copper
Tough + resistant to corrosion
Properties of Brass
Copper + Zinc
Harder than copper
Can be worked into intricate shapes
Why is aluminium used in a lot of alloys
Low density
Strong but lightweight
What is steel an alloy of?
Iron
High carbon steel
1-5%
Strong and hard
Brittle
Low Carbon Steel
<1%
Softer
Less brittle
Easily shaped
Nickel - steel alloys
Resistant to stretching forces
Strong
Stainless steek
Chromium and Nickel
Hard and strong
Resistant to corrosion
What do properties of a polymer depend on (2)
Monomer used
Reaction conditions
Low Density Polyethene
High pressure + trace of oxygen
Branched chains
High Density Polyethene
Catalyst, 50c and slightly higher pressure
Straight chains
Harder
Thermosoftening polymers
Melt easily
Polymer chains easy to separate
Can be remoulded
Thermosetting Polymers
Do not melt when heated
String covalent bonds forming cross links
What does all glass contain
Silicon Dioxide (sand) SiO2
SodaLime glass (3)
Sand
Sodium carbonate
Limestone
Borosilicate glass
Sand
Boron trioxide
What is a composite
Mixture of substances that together provide properties suitable for a particular use
What is a composite made from (2)
- 1 material acting as a binder for the other
- other material provides a desirable property
Process called reinforcement
How is glass made (3)
Raw materials heated to 1,500c to make chemicals melt + react to form molten glass
Glass turns into solid as it cools
Particles freeze in place to form irregular pattern
Properties of clay ceramics (3)
Hard but brittle
Resistant to chemical attack
Electrical insulator
Plywood
Thin sheets of wood glued together
Grain in successive layers at right angles to eachother - prevents splitting
MDF
Made from woods chips, shavings or sawdust compressed and bound using a polymer resin
Can be cut into intricate shapes
Reinforced concrete
Set around steel rods
Resistant to bending
Fibre glass
Composite of glass + polymer
Tough
Flexible
Waterproof
Low-density
Concrete
Cement, gravel, sand and water
Why can't plants take in nitrogen gas
It's insoluble in water + most plants can only take in a soluble form of nitrogen
Raw materials in Haber Process
Nitrogen for air
Hydrogen ( from methane + steam)
What happens to the nitrogen and hydrogen in the haber process
They are purified, passed over an iron catalyst at 450c + high pressure
Equation for haber process
Nitrogen + hydrogen -> Ammonia
N2 3H2 <- 2NH3
What are the reaction conditions for the Haber process
200 atm
Iron catalyst
450c
Ammonium nitrate reaction
Ammonia + nitric acid -> ammonium nitrate
NH3. HNO3. NH3NO3
How is nitrogen obtained for haber process
Separated from air via factional distillation of liquid air
How is hydrogen obtained for haber process
Methane + Steam = carbon monoxide + hydrogen
Requiers High temp
In the Haber process which reaction is exothermique?
Forward reaction
Ammonium phosphate reaction
Ammonia + phosphoric acid -> ammonium phosphate
3NH3. H3PO4. (NH4)3PO4
Ammonium sulfate reaction
Ammonia + sulfuric acid -> ammonium sulfate
2NH3. H2SO4. (NH4)2SO4
What 3 macronutrients do plants need
Phosphorus - promote strong roots and fruit development
Potassium - healthy growth
Nitrogen - helps make leaves green
What are NPK fertilisers
Formulations of compounds of Phospohirus, nitrogen and potassium
Why can't phosphorus be used directly on soil
It's insoluble in water
3 ways of using phosphorus
1)Phosphate rock + nitric acid -> phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate
Phosphoric acid + ammonia - ammonium phosphate
2)phosphate rock + sulfuric acid -> single superphosphate (calcium phosphate + calcium sulfate)
3)phosphate rock + phosphoric acid -> triple
What two potassium salts are used to make fertilisers and why
Potassium chloride and potassium sulfate
Soluble and can be used directly
Products of complete combustion
Co2 + water
Test for alkenes
Turns bromine water orange -> colourless
What type of reaction is cracking
Thermal decomposition
Condition for addition reaction of alkene and hydrogen
60 degrees + nickel catalyst
What is a pure substance
A single element or compound, not mixed with any mother substance
(Has specific and fixed Melting + boiling point)
What is a formulation
A mixture that has been designed as a useful product with definite proportions
How to test for hydrogen
Metal + acid
Lit splint = squeaky pop
How to test for oxygen
D�composition of hydrogen peroxide with a manganese oxide catalyst
Glowing splint relights
How to test for CO2
Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid -> calcium chloride + water + co2
Turns limewater Cloudy
How to test for chlorine
Hydrochloric acid + moistened potassium manganate crystals
Bleaches damp blue litmus paper
What do impurities do?
Lower the melting point
Raise the boiling pint
In chromatography, what is the mobile phase
The solvent - moves through stationary phase, carrying compounds with it
Equation for chromatography
Rf = distance moves by substance / distance moved by solvent
Copper (II) ppt colour and equation
Blue port Cu(oH)2
Iron (II) ppt colour and equation
Green Fe(OH)2
Iron (III) ppt colour and equation
Brown Fe(OH)2
Which ion redissolvws in excess out of aluminium, magnesium and calcium
Aluminium
Lithium flame colour
Crimson red
Calcium flame colour
Brick red
Potassium flame colour
Lilac
Copper flame colour
Green
Sodium flame coulour
Yellow
How to test for sulfates
Add sulfate solution to HCL and barium chloride
White ppt, barium sulfate BaSO4 is produced
Test for carbonates
Add dilute acid to carbonate
CO2 gas is produced which turns limewater cloudy
Testing for halides
Add nitric acid and silver nitrate to halide solution
Ppt of silver balise forms of present
Colour of iodide ppt
Yellow
Colour of Bromide ppt
Green
Colour of chloride ppt
White
What did Earth's early atmosphere contain?
CO2, water vapour, nitrogen and traces of methane and ammonia
How can sulfur impurities be removed
By reacting fuel with calcium oxide
Stages of sewage treatment
Metal screening -> primary treatment (sedimentation) -> secondary treatment (anaerobic and aerobic) -> final treatment (sterilisation)
What happens during the primary treatment of sewage waste
Produces Sewage sludge and effluent + separates them
What happens during the secondary treatment of sewage waste
Aerobic respiration - removes organic matter + harmful organisms from effluent
Anaerobic respiration - digests sewage sludge
What are the two methods of extracting copper from copper ore
Add sulfuric acid to produce copper sulfate solution - extract during electrolysis or displacement
Smelting - copper heated to high temp in furnace - produces injure copper - used as + electrode in electrolysis
How can copper be extracted from low grade ores
Phytomining
Bioleaching
What does a LCA do
Asses environmental impact of products, processes or services
3 things that the RRR campaign aims to reduce
Amount of waste we produce
Amount of finite resources we use
Amount of energy we use
What is sustainable development?
An approach to development that takes account the needs of present society without damaging the lives of future generations
Potable water
Water that is safe to drink
Contains low levels of dissolved salts/ minerals
Free of microbes
Stages in water treatment
Filter screens -> filter beds -> Remove microbes -> check PH
What is the prices of converting salty water to potable water called
Desalination
Two methods of desalination
Distillation/ flash distillation (boiling water under reduced pressure)
Reverse osmosis
What is reverse osmosis
Uses membranes to separate water from dissolved salts
What is rusting?
The corrosion of iron
What is corrosion?
Destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment
Conditions of rusting
Water + Oxygen + iron
What accelerates rusting
Salt
What does iron become when rusted
Hydrated iron (III) oxide
Fe2O3
How to prevent corrosion - barrier method (4)
Paint
Grease/Oil
Plastic
Less reactive metal
What is sacrificial protection
Coating iron with a more reactive metal
Iron is galvanised by zinc
Why is a more reactive metal used in sacrificial protection
It is more likely to lose electrons and become oxidised therefore, water and oxygen reacts with zinc rather than iron
Zinc = stronger reducing agent
Properties of Bronze
Tin + copper
Tough + resistant to corrosion
Properties of Brass
Copper + Zinc
Harder than copper
Can be worked into intricate shapes
Why is aluminium used in a lot of alloys
Low density
Strong but lightweight
What is steel an alloy of?
Iron
High carbon steel
1-5%
Strong and hard
Brittle
Low Carbon Steel
<1%
Softer
Less brittle
Easily shaped
Nickel - steel alloys
Resistant to stretching forces
Strong
Stainless steek
Chromium and Nickel
Hard and strong
Resistant to corrosion
What do properties of a polymer depend on (2)
Monomer used
Reaction conditions
Low Density Polyethene
High pressure + trace of oxygen
Branched chains
High Density Polyethene
Catalyst, 50c and slightly higher pressure
Straight chains
Harder
Thermosoftening polymers
Melt easily
Polymer chains easy to separate
Can be remoulded
Thermosetting Polymers
Do not melt when heated
String covalent bonds forming cross links
What does all glass contain
Silicon Dioxide (sand) SiO2
SodaLime glass (3)
Sand
Sodium carbonate
Limestone
Borosilicate glass
Sand
Boron trioxide
What is a composite
Mixture of substances that together provide properties suitable for a particular use
What is a composite made from (2)
- 1 material acting as a binder for the other
- other material provides a desirable property
Process called reinforcement
How is glass made (3)
Raw materials heated to 1,500c to make chemicals melt + react to form molten glass
Glass turns into solid as it cools
Particles freeze in place to form irregular pattern
Properties of clay ceramics (3)
Hard but brittle
Resistant to chemical attack
Electrical insulator
Plywood
Thin sheets of wood glued together
Grain in successive layers at right angles to eachother - prevents splitting
MDF
Made from woods chips, shavings or sawdust compressed and bound using a polymer resin
Can be cut into intricate shapes
Reinforced concrete
Set around steel rods
Resistant to bending
Fibre glass
Composite of glass + polymer
Tough
Flexible
Waterproof
Low-density
Concrete
Cement, gravel, sand and water
Why can't plants take in nitrogen gas
It's insoluble in water + most plants can only take in a soluble form of nitrogen
Raw materials in Haber Process
Nitrogen for air
Hydrogen ( from methane + steam)
What happens to the nitrogen and hydrogen in the haber process
They are purified, passed over an iron catalyst at 450c + high pressure
Equation for haber process
Nitrogen + hydrogen -> Ammonia
N2 3H2 <- 2NH3
What are the reaction conditions for the Haber process
200 atm
Iron catalyst
450c
Ammonium nitrate reaction
Ammonia + nitric acid -> ammonium nitrate
NH3. HNO3. NH3NO3
How is nitrogen obtained for haber process
Separated from air via factional distillation of liquid air
How is hydrogen obtained for haber process
Methane + Steam = carbon monoxide + hydrogen
Requiers High temp
In the Haber process which reaction is exothermique?
Forward reaction
Ammonium phosphate reaction
Ammonia + phosphoric acid -> ammonium phosphate
3NH3. H3PO4. (NH4)3PO4
Ammonium sulfate reaction
Ammonia + sulfuric acid -> ammonium sulfate
2NH3. H2SO4. (NH4)2SO4
What 3 macronutrients do plants need
Phosphorus - promote strong roots and fruit development
Potassium - healthy growth
Nitrogen - helps make leaves green
What are NPK fertilisers
Formulations of compounds of Phospohirus, nitrogen and potassium
Why can't phosphorus be used directly on soil
It's insoluble in water
3 ways of using phosphorus
1)Phosphate rock + nitric acid -> phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate
Phosphoric acid + ammonia - ammonium phosphate
2)phosphate rock + sulfuric acid -> single superphosphate (calcium phosphate + calcium sulfate)
3)phosphate rock + phosphoric acid -> triple
What two potassium salts are used to make fertilisers and why
Potassium chloride and potassium sulfate
Soluble and can be used directly