reinforcement
1. A stimulus change
2. Immediately follows a response
3. Increases the future frequency of that behavior under similar stimulus conditions
Positive Reinforcement
Has occurred when a response is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus and, as a result, similar responses occur more frequently in the future
Positive Reinforcer
Stimulus presented as a consequence that is responsible for the subsequent increase in responding
3 qualifications for reinforcement
1. Delay to reinforcement
2. Stimulus conditions in effect when the response was emitted
3. Current motivation with respect to the consequences
nature of reinforcement
When a behavior (R) is followed by reinforcement (SR), there will be an increased future frequency of that type of behavior
immediacy of reinforcement
1. The stimulus change following the target behavior must occur within a few seconds
-Basic research suggests that as much as 60 s can elapse without critical loss of effect
-Response to reinforcement delay of 1 s will be less effective than a 0 s delay
motivation
The momentary effectiveness of any stimulus change as reinforcement depends on an existing level of motivation with respect to the stimulus change in question
automatic reinforcement
Behavior-reinforcement relation that occurs without the presentation of consequence by other people
unconditioned reinforcer
1. AKA primary reinforcer
2. Stimulus change that functions as a Sr+ even though the learner has no particular learning history
3. Food
4. Water
5. Other variables related to homeostasis
conditioned reinforcer
1. AKA secondary reinforcer
2. Previously neutral stimulus change that has acquired the capability to function as a reinforcer through stimulus-stimulus paring with one or more unconditioned reinforcers or conditioned reinforcers
generalized conditioned reinforcer
1. Result of having been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcer (i.e. money, praise).
2. Resistant to satiation effects
using reinforcement effectively
1. Set an easily achieved initial criterion for reinforcement
2. High quality reinforcers
3. Varied reinforcers (motivating operations)
4. Direct (bx produces reinforcement) rather than indirect (presented by practitioner)
5. Verbal instructions/rules/Pre
Negative Reinforcement
1. A contingency in which the occurrence of a response produces the...
-Removal
-Termination
-Reduction
-Or postponement
2. Which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of that response
negative reinforcer
any event that, when terminated or prevented by a behavior increases the rate of that behavior
forms of negative reinforcement
1. Escape
2. Avoidance
escape
The aversive event is physically present in the environment until the response is made, the response terminates the aversion
avoidance
The aversive event is not yet physically present at the time of the response, but if the person fails to make a response the aversive event
Contingent negative reinforcement
Termination or prevention of an event will be more effective if it occurs only when the target behavior is emitted
Immediate negative reinforcement
the more immediately the behavior terminates or prevents the event, the more effective it will be as a negative reinforcer
Size of a negative reinforcer
The larger the amount (or intensity) of a negative reinforcer; the more effective it will be
Competing contingencies
Reinforcement is unavailable for some other alternative response
Operant behavior:
Behavior - Consequence
Discriminated operant (three-term contingency)
Antecedent - Behavior - Consequence
Four-term contingency
MO - Antecedent - Behavior - Consequence
motivating operations
1. A stimulus, object, or event
2. or "any environmental variable" which:
-Increases or decreases the reinforcing (or punishing) value of a consequence and
-Evokes or suppresses behavior that has, in the past, resulted in that consequence
value altering effect
1. MOs can increase or decrease the reinforcing value of a consequence
-Increase value: Reinforcer Establishing Effect
-Decrease value: Reinforcer Abolishing Effect
Behavior Altering Effect
1. MOs can immediately evoke or suppress behavior that has preceded the relevant reinforcer in the past
-Evoke behavior: Evocative Effect
-Suppress behavior: Abative Effect
establishing operation
1. reinforcer establishing evocative
-ex, deprivation
Abolishing Operation
1. Reinforcer abolishing abative
-ex, satiation
direct effects of MOs
the evocative or abative effects of the MO on response frequency
indirect effects of MOs
the evocative or abative strength of relevant discriminative stimuli
unconditioned MOs
1. Value-altering motivating effects that are unlearned
2. 9 main UMOs for humans- deprivation or satiation of:
-Food
-Water
-Sex
-Sleep
-Warmth
-Activity Cold
UMO Effects are...
Temporary
punishment
When a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of similar responses
positive punishment
The presentation of a stimulus immediately following a behavior results in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior
negative punishment
The termination of an already present stimulus immediately following a behavior that results in a decrease in the future frequency of the behavior
punisher
a stimulus change that immediately follows the occurrence of a behavior and reduces the future frequency of that type of behavior
Unconditioned punisher
stimulus whose presentation functions as a punishment without having been paired with any other punishers
Conditioned punisher
stimulus change that functions as a punishment as a result of a person's conditioning history
Generalized conditioned punisher
stimulus change that ahs been paired with numerous forms of unconditioned and conditioned punishers
factors that influence the effectiveness of punishment
1. Immediacy
2. Intensity/Magnitude
3. Schedule
4. Reinforcement for Target Behavior
5. Reinforcement for Alternative Behaviors
possible side effects of problems with punishment
1. Emotional and Aggressive Reactions
2. Escape and Avoidance
3. Punishment may involve undesirable modeling
4. Behavioral Contrast
ethical considerations for punishment
1. Right to safe and humane treatment
2. Least restrictive alternative
3. Right to effective treatment
extinction
reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued; as a result, the frequency of that behavior decreases in the future.
extinction effects
1. gradual decrease in frequency and amplitude
2. extinction burst
3. spontaneous recovery
Gradual Decrease in Frequency and Amplitude
Extinction produces a gradual reduction in behavior. When reinforcement is removed abruptly, numerous unreinforced responses can follow
Extinction Burst
Immediate increase in the frequency of the response after the removal of the positive, negative, or automatic reinforcement
Spontaneous Recovery
Reappearance of the behavior after it has diminished to its pre-reinforcement level or stopped entirely.
stimulus
anything that affects a person's behavior
Reinforcement control
increases behavior from event that follows behavior.
Antecedent Stimuli
the stimuli that precede and EVOKE behavior
Stimulus control
1. increases behavior from an event that precedes the behavior
2. Increased probability of a behavior occasioned by a stimulus (SD).
3. The stimulus sets the occasion for the behavior to occur.
SD
stimulus that precedes the behavior and is present only if reinforcement will occur for that behavior (antecedent stimulus)
S?
stimulus that precedes the behavior and is present only if extinction will occur for that behavior
discriminated behavior
more likely to occur in the presence of the SD than the presence of the S-delta
reinforcement
1. A stimulus change
2. Immediately follows a response
3. Increases the future frequency of that behavior under similar stimulus conditions
Positive Reinforcement
Has occurred when a response is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus and, as a result, similar responses occur more frequently in the future
Positive Reinforcer
Stimulus presented as a consequence that is responsible for the subsequent increase in responding
3 qualifications for reinforcement
1. Delay to reinforcement
2. Stimulus conditions in effect when the response was emitted
3. Current motivation with respect to the consequences
nature of reinforcement
When a behavior (R) is followed by reinforcement (SR), there will be an increased future frequency of that type of behavior
immediacy of reinforcement
1. The stimulus change following the target behavior must occur within a few seconds
-Basic research suggests that as much as 60 s can elapse without critical loss of effect
-Response to reinforcement delay of 1 s will be less effective than a 0 s delay
motivation
The momentary effectiveness of any stimulus change as reinforcement depends on an existing level of motivation with respect to the stimulus change in question
automatic reinforcement
Behavior-reinforcement relation that occurs without the presentation of consequence by other people
unconditioned reinforcer
1. AKA primary reinforcer
2. Stimulus change that functions as a Sr+ even though the learner has no particular learning history
3. Food
4. Water
5. Other variables related to homeostasis
conditioned reinforcer
1. AKA secondary reinforcer
2. Previously neutral stimulus change that has acquired the capability to function as a reinforcer through stimulus-stimulus paring with one or more unconditioned reinforcers or conditioned reinforcers
generalized conditioned reinforcer
1. Result of having been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcer (i.e. money, praise).
2. Resistant to satiation effects
using reinforcement effectively
1. Set an easily achieved initial criterion for reinforcement
2. High quality reinforcers
3. Varied reinforcers (motivating operations)
4. Direct (bx produces reinforcement) rather than indirect (presented by practitioner)
5. Verbal instructions/rules/Pre
Negative Reinforcement
1. A contingency in which the occurrence of a response produces the...
-Removal
-Termination
-Reduction
-Or postponement
2. Which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of that response
negative reinforcer
any event that, when terminated or prevented by a behavior increases the rate of that behavior
forms of negative reinforcement
1. Escape
2. Avoidance
escape
The aversive event is physically present in the environment until the response is made, the response terminates the aversion
avoidance
The aversive event is not yet physically present at the time of the response, but if the person fails to make a response the aversive event
Contingent negative reinforcement
Termination or prevention of an event will be more effective if it occurs only when the target behavior is emitted
Immediate negative reinforcement
the more immediately the behavior terminates or prevents the event, the more effective it will be as a negative reinforcer
Size of a negative reinforcer
The larger the amount (or intensity) of a negative reinforcer; the more effective it will be
Competing contingencies
Reinforcement is unavailable for some other alternative response
Operant behavior:
Behavior - Consequence
Discriminated operant (three-term contingency)
Antecedent - Behavior - Consequence
Four-term contingency
MO - Antecedent - Behavior - Consequence
motivating operations
1. A stimulus, object, or event
2. or "any environmental variable" which:
-Increases or decreases the reinforcing (or punishing) value of a consequence and
-Evokes or suppresses behavior that has, in the past, resulted in that consequence
value altering effect
1. MOs can increase or decrease the reinforcing value of a consequence
-Increase value: Reinforcer Establishing Effect
-Decrease value: Reinforcer Abolishing Effect
Behavior Altering Effect
1. MOs can immediately evoke or suppress behavior that has preceded the relevant reinforcer in the past
-Evoke behavior: Evocative Effect
-Suppress behavior: Abative Effect
establishing operation
1. reinforcer establishing evocative
-ex, deprivation
Abolishing Operation
1. Reinforcer abolishing abative
-ex, satiation
direct effects of MOs
the evocative or abative effects of the MO on response frequency
indirect effects of MOs
the evocative or abative strength of relevant discriminative stimuli
unconditioned MOs
1. Value-altering motivating effects that are unlearned
2. 9 main UMOs for humans- deprivation or satiation of:
-Food
-Water
-Sex
-Sleep
-Warmth
-Activity Cold
UMO Effects are...
Temporary
punishment
When a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of similar responses
positive punishment
The presentation of a stimulus immediately following a behavior results in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior
negative punishment
The termination of an already present stimulus immediately following a behavior that results in a decrease in the future frequency of the behavior
punisher
a stimulus change that immediately follows the occurrence of a behavior and reduces the future frequency of that type of behavior
Unconditioned punisher
stimulus whose presentation functions as a punishment without having been paired with any other punishers
Conditioned punisher
stimulus change that functions as a punishment as a result of a person's conditioning history
Generalized conditioned punisher
stimulus change that ahs been paired with numerous forms of unconditioned and conditioned punishers
factors that influence the effectiveness of punishment
1. Immediacy
2. Intensity/Magnitude
3. Schedule
4. Reinforcement for Target Behavior
5. Reinforcement for Alternative Behaviors
possible side effects of problems with punishment
1. Emotional and Aggressive Reactions
2. Escape and Avoidance
3. Punishment may involve undesirable modeling
4. Behavioral Contrast
ethical considerations for punishment
1. Right to safe and humane treatment
2. Least restrictive alternative
3. Right to effective treatment
extinction
reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued; as a result, the frequency of that behavior decreases in the future.
extinction effects
1. gradual decrease in frequency and amplitude
2. extinction burst
3. spontaneous recovery
Gradual Decrease in Frequency and Amplitude
Extinction produces a gradual reduction in behavior. When reinforcement is removed abruptly, numerous unreinforced responses can follow
Extinction Burst
Immediate increase in the frequency of the response after the removal of the positive, negative, or automatic reinforcement
Spontaneous Recovery
Reappearance of the behavior after it has diminished to its pre-reinforcement level or stopped entirely.
stimulus
anything that affects a person's behavior
Reinforcement control
increases behavior from event that follows behavior.
Antecedent Stimuli
the stimuli that precede and EVOKE behavior
Stimulus control
1. increases behavior from an event that precedes the behavior
2. Increased probability of a behavior occasioned by a stimulus (SD).
3. The stimulus sets the occasion for the behavior to occur.
SD
stimulus that precedes the behavior and is present only if reinforcement will occur for that behavior (antecedent stimulus)
S?
stimulus that precedes the behavior and is present only if extinction will occur for that behavior
discriminated behavior
more likely to occur in the presence of the SD than the presence of the S-delta