PATHOLOGY
is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells and bodily fluids.
INJURY
is an alteration in the environment that causes tissue damage.
Acute Lethal Cell Injury Causes
- Anoxia or Hypoxia
Physical agents
Mechanical Trauma
Ionizing and ultraviolet irradiation
Extremes of heat and cold
-Chemical agents
Corrosive acids and bases
Fat solvents
The 8 Categories of Diagnosis
Clinical
Radiographic
Historical
Laboratory
Microscopic
Surgical
Therapeutic
Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Diagnosis
Visual and Palpation Evaluation
The description of the lesion
may be all that is needed to give a clinical diagnosis.
The clinician is looking for:
Color, Contour, Consistency, Texture, Size and, Location, and History of the lesion
What are the important factors when describing a lesion?
Color(Center&Border)
contour(Reg. Irreg)
Texture(Rough, Smooth)
Location
Diffuse
Borders of a lesion not distinguishable.
VESICLE
a small, elevated, fluid-filled lesion that is less than 1 cm in diameter(SEEN IN HERPES)
Bulla-
A fluid-filled blister more than 5 mm (about 3/16 inch) in diameter with thin walls.
on the skin is a blister. on the pleura (covering the lung) is also called a bleb.(SEEN IN PEMPHIGUS)
Lobule
a segment or lobe that is part of a whole. sometimes appear fused together.
EXOPHYTIC
PROTURDES FROM THE SURFACE
Pustule
varying-sized circumscribed, pus filled, elevated lesion(SEEN IN ACNE OR CHICKENPOX)
Pedunculated
Attached by a stem-like or stalk-like base
sessile
broad based
Papule
a small circumscribed lesion usually less than 1 cm in diameter that protrudes above the surface of normal surrounding tissue.
NODULE
A solid well circumscribed palpable mass greater 1cm that arises from deeper tissues. (SEEN IN FIBROMAS)
ENDOPHYTIC
BELOW LEVEL OF SURROUNDING NORMAL TISSUE
Macule
a flat area on the skin or mucosa, usually distinguished by color, that is different from the surrounding tissue.
ULCER
loss of epithelium with exposure of underlying connective tissue.
FISSURES
clefts or crack in soft tissues (SEEN IN TONGUE FISSURES)
SINUS TRACT
A CHANNEL BETWEEN AN ABSCESS AND THE SURFACE
Petechiae
Red, pinpoint dot
surface CAN BE
Smooth
Rough
Papillary-small nipple-like projections or elevations found in clusters, pebbly
Ulcerated
Eroded
Wrinkled-corrugated
Folded
Fissured-cleft or grooove, normal
Keratinized
Necrotic
protuberances, knob-like.
Hyperkeratosis
-rough, irregular border
Microscopic diagnosis
Biopsy-different types
Excisional-removes the entire lesion and surrounding tissue
Incisional-removes a portion of the lesion and some surrounding tissue
geographic tongue
Fissured tongue
Fordyces granules
ectopic sebaceous glands
Palatal tori
Mand tori
Retrocuspid papilla
White hairy tongue
Amalgam tattoo
Black hairy tongue
Linea Alba
-bruxism
Lingual Varicosities
rhomboid glossitis
Leukoedema
85% black adults
translucentcovering, over oral mucosa