storage
according to the ____________ metaphor, experiences are stashed in the brain like photographs in an album
2,000
Clark's nutcrackers apparently recall the location of something like___________ food caches
performance
forgetting is deterioration of
6 months
Kamil and Balda found that Clark's nutcrackers could recall the location of food caches for up to
declarative
the term _________ memory refers to learned behavior that can be expressed, usually in words
semantic
Endel Tulving said that ___________ memories have to do with "knowledge of the world
free recall
jack and jill go up a hill to fetch a pail of water. jack falls down and breaks his crown and jill thinks he may have suffered a concussion. to test his memory, she asks him if he remembers what happened. jill is measuring forgetting by the method known a
autobiographical
another term for episodic memory is ____________ memory
nondeclarative
memories that cannot be expressed are called
procedural
riding a bicycle is an example of __________ memory
prompted recall
it turns out that jack can't remember anything that happened from the time he and jill started up the hill. jill takes jack up the hill again and finds that he remembers seeing the well before. jill is measuring forgetting by using
prompted recall
one measure of forgetting is called delayed matching to sample. this procedure could be considered a form of
relearning
to measure forgetting, Ebbinghaus used the ______________ method
Ebbinghaus
the first person to demonstrate the relationship between forgetting and degree of learning was probably
degradation
forgetting can be measured as a flattening of the generalization gradient, a procedure called gradient
DMTS
forgetting can be studied by requiring the subject to match a stimulus presented earlier, a procedure called
put on extinction after the retention interval
when measuring forgetting using the extinction method, the behavior studied is
McGeoch
the first person to argue that the passage of time does not cause forgetting was probably
five decades
Harry Bahrick's studies of forgetting have involved retention intervals of up to
Luria
the "man who couldn't forget" was studied by
chess masters and ordinary players forgot about the same amount
the Chase and Simon study comparing class masters and ordinary players showed that when chess pieces were arranged in random order,
previous learning
meaningful material is forgotten less readily than nonsense material. this shows the importance of
proactive interference
when what we learned on monday interferes with our ability to recall what we learned the following tuesday, we speak of
paired associate
in _____________ learning, two stimuli, A and B, are presented, the task is then to recall B when presented with A
the War of the Ghosts
Sir Frederick Bartlett's classical study of forgetting, used the story
disagree with it
the work of Levine and Murphy suggests that people are more likely to forget what they read if they
retroactive interference
a study of immobilized cockroaches showed the importance of ______________ in forgetting
learning
the Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of
cue-dependent
when forgetting occurs because the environment during recall is different from the environment during training, is said to be
hit
Loftus found that eyewitness reports are influenced by the words used to ask about the event. in one experiment, she found that use of the word "smashed" produced higher estimates of car speed than use of the word
HOMES
the names of the great lakes can be recalled with help of the acronym
SAFMEDS
a system for learning with flashcards is known by the acronym
true
forgetting is a deterioration in learned performance following a period without practice. T/F
true
declarative knowledge is also called explicit knowledge. T/F
true
the "savings method" is one way of measuring forgetting. T/F
false
the measure of forgetting called gradient degradation has to do with extinction. T/F
false
the length of the retention interval is unrelated to the degree of forgetting. T/F
true
the Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of learning. T/F
true
the name Benton Underwood is associated with paired associate learning. T/F
true
marjory memorized her part in the school play thoroughly in her apartment, but found that she couldn't remember her lines at rehearsal. her trouble is consistent with the effects of context cues. T/F
true
in one of Rovee-Collier's experiments with babies and mobiles, after a retention interval there was no sign of forgetting when the context was the same as that during training. T/F
retention
the period between the end of a learning experience and its recall is called the _________ interval
semantic; episodic
declarative memories include _________ and ________ memories
recognition
when the task is to identify stimuli to which the subject was exposed earlier, the measure of forgetting used is called
associate
studies of interference often involve learning pairs of words. this procedure is called paired ________ learning
retroactive
bob is introduced to matilda at a party. a few minutes later he is introduced to harriet. when he meets matilda again he can't recall her name. this is most likely an example of ____________ interference
state-dependent
when performance varies with an organism's physiological condition it is said to be