Systems theory and social constructivism
Two closely related philosophical traditions inform family therapy approaches
Macy Conferences
A group of scholars and researchers met to discuss how groups of things operate to form a "system."
�Several "systems" theories developed from these meetings.
�Early family therapies integrated these systems concepts.
Cybernetic Systems Theory
They are self-correcting, moving towards dynamic homeostasis. Study of control and communication
General Systems Theory
Systems operate using the same
basic principles.
Negative Feedback
No new information, system remains the same - homeostasis.
Positive Feedback
Yes, new information is coming in,
system is changing.
Homeostasis
unique set of behavioral, emotional, and interactional norms that create stability for the family or other social group.
First order change
system returns to previous homeostasis after positive
feedback
Second order change
change after positive feedback.
communication
two components- report (content) and command (defining relationship, often nonverbal)
Double binds
Two people in an intense relationship with
high degree of survival value
� Within the relationship, message is given
that is structured with:
� a) primary injunction (request or order) and � b) a simultaneous secondary injunction that
contradicts the firs
Symmetrical relationships
evenly distributed abilities in the system.
Complementary relationships
each party has a distinct role that balances the other, often results in hierarchy
Family as a system
No single person orchestrates the
interaction patterns.
� All behavior makes sense in context. � No single person can be blamed for family
distress.
� Personal characteristics are system
dependent.
Second order cybernetics
� The creation of a new, observer-observed system: a second-order (or level) of system.
� Therapist can no longer assume to be a neutral, unbiased observer.
� Remain aware of how therapeutic behavior shapes that of the client.
Social Constructivist Foundations
Most influential in development of
new psychotherapy models.
� Ex: Solution-focused, collaborative, and
narrative therapies
� People "story" their lives to create
meaning.
� Maintains an emphasis on relationships and relational construction of reality
Post Modern Assumptions
Truths" &"realities" are constructed, language and consciousness develop meanings � the value of an object
Modernism
Therapist is an expert, assuming role of teacher or mentor.
� Two family therapy schools:
� Psychodynamic � Cognitive-behavioral therapies
Humanism
Founded on phenomenological philosophy that prioritizes the individual's subjective truth.
� Supportive, nurturing environments promote therapeutic change.
� Includes: Carl Roger's client-centered therapy, Fritz Perl's Gestalt therapy,
Virginia Satir's co
Systemic
Grounded in general systems theory and
cybernetic systems theory.
� Emphasize 'contextual' truth.
� One cannot not communicate; all behavior is a form of communication.
� An individual's behavior and symptoms always make sense in the person's broader rela
Post Modern
Based on the premise that objective truth can never be fully known.
� Objectivity is not humanly possible.
� Language and words greatly affect how one's identity is shaped/experienced.