Beyond risk
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BSFT
Brief strategic family therapy (BSFT)
Helps adolescents with behavior problems such as drug use
Gender neutral
Dysfunctional family patterns
Conditions associated with the formation of violent gangs across the country
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Contextual influence on serious street gang violence
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Five indicators of gang institutionalization
1) Gang persists despite changes in leadership
2) It's organizational structure is flexible to sustain multiple roles of its members including accommodations for women and children
3) Adaptations to changing environment can be made (police suppression)
4)
Gang indicators
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Gang organization with female members
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Gang related homicide
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Norms of retaliations and respect
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personal vendetta
Motives for gang homicides, feud between victim and offender(s)
Political/criminal justice context
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Primary indicator of serious gang violence
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safe dates
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Traditionalistic cultures
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Violent acts involving girls
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When did gang activity peak?
1990s
What are the economic context of larger cities with increasing or emerging gang problems and those with chronic gang problems
1) Gang cities tend to be located in states/counties with higher poverty levels
2) On average chronic gang cities have the highest rates of poverty among minorities
3) Emerging gang cities have higher average expenditures on social welfare than cities wit
What is the class factor that is shared among cities that have chronic, emerging, and declining gang problems
Economic context
What did W. Miller's (2001) conclusions about gang activity in the US differ from findings from federal commissions at the time?
Miller found that gangs are more serious of a societal issue than the federal commissions found
What is said to be most responsible for the strong influence of gang culture diffusion on gang development and growth in the 80s and 90s?
The media
Cities reporting this type of gang presence are on average larger in population than those cities without this type of gang presence
Chronic
Survey __ refers to the extent to which results are consistent over time and provide an accurate representation of the total population under study
Reliability
Cities reporting near-chronic gang presence are on average __ than those without a chronic gang presence
Larger in population
What year was the first national youth gang survey completed?
1996
Of the jurisdictions surveyed which showed no significant decrease in the prevalence of gang activity from 1996 to 2012 and constantly exhibited the highest prevalence rates of gang activity over the other 3?
Larger cities
Survey __ refers to whether the research truly measures the phenomenon that it was intended to measure
Validity
What is the most complex context to measure when comparing larger cities gang activity?
Cultural Context
In reference to political/criminal justice context, it is implied that larger cities with chronic gang activity will:
Support collective goals
Jody miller studies of female gangs in St. Louis and Columbus Ohio made three important contributions:
1) Illustrations of family and neighborhood contexts of gang involvement
2) The relationship between serious family problems (violence and drug use) and external support systems
3) The influence of gang involved family members on girl's likelihood of join
Early problem behaviors exhibited by child delinquent girls that is also associated with gang members can include:
Early aggressive history
Estranged mother/daughter relationship
Eating disorders
Social aggression
Early sexual behaviors
Multiple separations from primary caregivers
Examples of behaviors of exhibited by "hoodrats
1)Often but not necessarily, most sexually promiscuous
2) Hang out and party with male gang members
3) Generally heavy drug and alcohol user
4) Does not develop an emotional relationship with any male members
5) Most actively in Everyday gang actives
Valdez (2007) found which of the following detrimental family conditions to be most commonly reported among female respondents who later become gang associated?
Family member drug use
What were the key themes uncovered by pivotal studies on female gang members in the 70s and 80s?
1) They acted at least in part independently from boys
2) They were engaged in violent conflicts
3) They participated in serious crimes
Joan Moore's study in the late 80's lead the way in modern-day research of female gang membership and suggested?
The activities of female gang members became more similar to the activates of male gang members over time
What are examples of an adolescent problem behavior that would be targeted by brief-strategic family therapy (BSFT) for prevention, intervention, and/or treatment?
Drug use
Conduct problems
Delinquency
Sexually risky behavior
Aggressive/violent behavior
Association with anti-social peers
Most gang programs that receive the designation of being "gender-neutral" are named as such because they:
Have shown to be effective for both female and male participants
What is the name of the female specific gang interventions that affiliated with law enforcement agency?
FIT (Female Intervention Team)
What is the name of the female specific program that starts serving girls at the earliest age?
SNAP (Stop Now and Plan)
What are the characteristics of organized gangs?
Initiation rites
Symbols or colors
Established leaders
Specific rules
Engage in illegal activities
What is uncommon to be used by girls who commit violent acts?
Firearms
Out of all homicides, the proportion associated with gangs has been relatively stable over the last 20 years despite this co-occuring phenomenon?
A sharp decline in the national crime rate
What does law enforcement view as the strongest factor influencing local gang violence
Drug-related activity
What are 3 examples of conditions associated with the formation of violent gangs across the country
1) Social unrest from changing urban structures
2) Shared socioeconomic disadvantages
3) Blocked access to well paying jobs
Which region in the US has low and stable trends in gang violence?
The South
What is the primary indicator of serious gang violence more than any other factor?
Homicide
Cities experiencing serious gang violence tend to be:
Socioeconomically disadvantaged
Racially/Ethnically diverse
Large foreign born/immigrant populations
From 1996-2009, cities in which state evidenced the greatest proportion to gang-related homicides
California
In a given large city, the following contextual influence on serious street gang violence include
Access to firearms
Levels of drug activity
Levels of poverty