Hematology:
the study of the formed cellular blood elements
Hemostasis:
localized, controlled process that results in arrest of bleeding after an injury
Cellular blood elements include:
RBCs, WBCs, platelets
Importance of Hematology:
Often the first signs of disease can be detected in either the abundance or identity of the cellular blood components
Average adult blood volume
66 mL/kg
Blood makes up how much of total body weight (in percent)?
8%
Blood is composed of...
plasma (fluid portion) and cellular elements
What percent of the blood is plasma?
55%
What percent of the blood is red blood cells?
45%
What percent of the blood is the WBCs and platelets (buffy coat)?
1%
Plasma is...
the liquid portion of whole blood
Serum is...
the liquid portion AFTER clotting
What are the components of plasma?
Water, albumin (protein), nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins, enzymes, wastes
Outside of erythrocytes...
consists of a plasma membrane surrounding a protein cytoskeleton
Inside of erythrocytes...
contains a fluid solution of proteins (hemoglobin) and electrolytes
RBC function...
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Shape of normal RBC
biconcave disc
Size of normal RBC
7-8 micrometers
Normal central pallor is____diameter of the RBC
1/3
5 main mature WBCs in peripheral blood are...
neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil
Thrombocytes are...
cell fragments
Once thrombocytes are activated, they are the first phase of blood clotting, which is called?
Primary hemostasis
Do RBCs and platelets leave the blood vessels?
No
What is the ability to pass in and out of blood vessels called?
Diapedese
Can leukocytes diapedese?
Yes
Name the 4 routine blood tests
CBC, WBC differential, PBS, Sed rate
What does the WBC differential do?
Identify and quantify each type of WBC
What does the sed rate test for?
Non-specific inflammation
What are the tests on a CBC associated with erythrocytes?
RBC count, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW
What is the stain used in a PBS?
Wright-Giemsa
Name some additional tests performed in hematology
Reticulocyte count, BMB, hemoglobinopathy tests, platelet function assays
What color tube is venous blood collected in for hematologic testing?
Lavender (purple)
What are some ways to collect peripheral blood?
Venipuncture, central line, PICC line
What is the anticoagulant in the lavender top tube?
EDTA
How long EDTA stable?
24 hours
How does EDTA function?
Calcium chelation
What are the two forms of EDTA? Which is more common?
Liquid and spray dried. Spray dried is more common
What must be done to ensure the EDTA reacts with the blood?
Invert the tube
What is different about collecting blood from a neonate?
Use a smaller tube
What color tube is used for platelet function assays? What does it contain?
Light blue top. Citrate
The cell membrane of a RBC consists primarily of...
a lipid membrane surrounding a protein cytoskeleton
Lipid membrane contains____/_____ heads and _____/_____ tails
Hydrophilic/polar, hydrophobic/nonpolar
Cell membrane actually composed of several________ (neg charge) and _______ (flexibility)
phospholipids, cholesterol
Proteins on the cell membrane...
Direct unique and shared functions of the cell Determine and protect shape & structure of membrane
Carbohydrates on the cell membrane...
Function in the process of cellular recognition and interaction between cells
We can use the unique proteins and carbohydrates on each cell type to identify...
cell type and maturation
Cell membrane basic functions...
physical barrier, communication, physical interaction
The nucleus is...
Largest organelle & cells 'control center'
The nucleus is composed of...
Chromatin (DNA wound in histones)
Nucleolus (RNA and proteins)
Nuclear envelope
Where are nucleoli found?
Hematopoietic (developing) cells
cancer cells (1-4/cell)
activated lymphocytes
ACTIVE CELLS
What is chromatin made up of?
DNA wrapped in histones
Define euchromatin
unwound or loose, active, light staining
Define heterochromatin
tightly wound, inactive, deep staining
Would a resting lymphocyte contain more heterochromatin or euchromatin?
Heterochromatin
Would an active lymphocyte contain more heterochromatin or euchromatin?
Euchromatin
Golgi apparatus function
modifies and packages proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
The transportation system of the cell. It moves materials around the cell
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
Lysozymes
Contain enzymes for cellular digestive system
Microfilaments
Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell
Microtubules
Support motility, cell shape, and and mitotic processes
Centriole
Serve as insertion points for mitotic and spindle fibers
If the balance between proliferation and death fails to RBCs you can have
anemia or polycythemia
If the balance between proliferation and death fails to WBCs you can have
immune deficiencies and malignancies
True or False: in mitotic cell division, daughter cells have the same DNA as the parent cell
True
What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, M
DNA synthesis takes place in which phase?
S phase
What are cyclins?
proteins that regulate the cell cycle
Which protein is a major regulator of the cell cycle?
p53
Define apoptosis
programmed cell death
Define necrosis
non-programmed cell death