All Living Things
Have a lifespan, grow, respond to their environment, require energy, produce waste.
Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration.
Concentration
The amount of molecules in a certain volume.
Osmosis
Diffusion except it deals with water.
Semipermeable Membrane
A divider that lets certain substances in and keeps others out.
Osmosis Explained
Water will try to balance the concentration of items in it.
Hypertonic
Cell has less substances dissolved inside, it will try to balance. (Becomes small and shriveled.)
Hypotonic
Cell has more substances dissolved inside, it will try to balance. (Becomes oversized and inflated.)
Isotonic
The amount of substances dissolved inside and outside are the same.
Cell Membrane
A boundary that selects what is allowed in and out.
Lipid Bilayer
Another name for cell membrane, it's made up of two fatty layers.
Hydrophilic Heads
Water loving.
Hydrophobic Tails
Water fearing.
Cytoplasm
Jelly fluid that holds nutrients and waste.
Cytosol
Watery, more liquid component of cytoplasm that dissolves nutrients.
Nucleus
Directs cell's activities, made up of DNA.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid.
Nuclear Membrane
Separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm.
Nuclear Pores
In the nuclear membrane, selects which large molecule can enter or exit.
Nucleolus
The "mini brain", responsible for the synthesis of ribosomes.
Ribosomes
Little granules of RNA, make protein.
Mitochondria (Power Plant)
Powerhouse of the cell, provides energy for cells.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A network of tubules that carry materials throughout the cell.
Rough ER (RER)
Is covered in ribosomes. (Makes lots of protein.)
Smooth ER (SER)
Doesn't have ribosomes. (Makes lots of fat.)
Golgi Apparatus
Stores, modifies, and packages proteins from the RER. Also processes and removes waste. (Looks like a stack of flattened membranes.
Cytoskeleton
Protein filaments that are embedded in the cell membrane, help resist physical damage.
Vacuoles
Stores fluids and nutrients. Animals have small ones, plants have large ones.
Vesicles
Used for the transport of wastes and nutrients. (Smaller than the vacuole.)
Lysosomes (Animal Only)
Contain digestive enzymes, fight invading bacteria and accelerate cellular reactions.
Suicide Sacs
(Lysosomes) Destroy themselves when old, called apoptosis.
Cell Wall (Plant Only)
Made of cellulose, protects and supports the cell.
Chloroplast (Plant Only)
Bean-shaped, contains chlorophyll, gives leaves their green colour.
Granum
Full stack of thylakoids.
Stroma
A thick fluid in which chloroplast floats in. (Contains proteins necessary for photosynthesis.)
Thylakoids
Membrane stacks.
The Animal Cell
The Plant Cell
Cell Cycle Beginning
Starts at nucleus.
The nucleus contains _____________________ and _____________________.
Information and instructions.
The information contains: (Nucleus Information)
1. What the cell will become.
2. How it will work.
3. How long it will last.
Chromosomes
Store information. Comes in pairs.
DNA Code
Extremely long strands of molecules (Double Helix)
Composition of DNA
A sugar, a phosphate, and a base.
Types of bases in DNA
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
DNA Base Rule
The number of purine = the number of pyrimidine.
Adenine
Purine.
Cytosine
Pyrimidine.
Guanine
Purine.
Thymine
Pyrimidine.
Adenine and Thymine
Only bond.
Guanine and Cytosine
Only bond.
Bases Composition
Stack on top of each other.
DNA Strands
Genes or genetics.
Genes
Areas of DNA that provide the info necessary to create proteins.
Proteins
Workers of the cell, handle all tasks and functions.
DNA Controls
Everything in your body, how you look, you health, and intolerances to foods.
DNA to Protein
Follows transcription and translation.
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
Translation
RNA leaves the nucleus, and moves into the cytoplasm. Joins ribosomes which decode using amino acids.
Transcription
Process by which DNA is used as a template to create RNA.
Protein Tasks
Building parts of the body, carrying things through the body, transfer signals, and helps speed up chemical reactions.
Cell Cycle
2 main phases, interphase and cell division. (Begins at the moment of conception, stops at death.)
S Phase
Where DNA is replicated before division. (Synthesis)
G2 Phase
More cell growth and preparation for mitosis.
Cell Division
A parent cell divides into two daughters. Phases being mitosis and cytokinesis.
Cytokinesis
The last part of the division when the cells pinch off.
Why Cells Divide
They are too large, need to repair, maintenance of a function, or growth of the organism.
Mitosis Phases
PMAT (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
Prophase
Nucleus disappears, centrioles separate and move to opposite sides, spindle fibres attach to centrometres. (Plants don't have centrioles)
Metaphase
Nuclear envelope breaks down, centrometres align with fibres, fibres pull them to the equator of the cell.
Anaphase
Fibres contract and shorten, centrometre divides, chromatids pulled to opposite ends.
Telophase
Fibres breakdown and disappear, nuclear membranes re-form, chromatin starts to form, division of nucleus complete.
Cytokinesis Phase
Cytoplasm forms two daughter cells, animals get cleavage furrow and plants get a cell plate between.
Why The Cell Cycle Might Stop (G1)
Not enough nutrients at G1.
Why The Cell Cycle Might Stop (S)
DNA has not replicated.
Why The Cell Cycle Might Stop (G2)
DNA is damaged.
Why The Cell Cycle Might Stop (A)
The DNA has not attached to the spindle fibres and segregated properly.
Cell Death
Cells leave the cycle as they are old, it's normal.
Cell Suicide
Cell is broken down, nutrients are packaged. (Coded DNA)
Cancer
When DNA is damaged and the code is changed. Causes mutation which can allow the cell to ignore stop signs.