CELL DIVISION INCREASES THE NUMBER OF BLANK CELLS (BODY CELLS)
SOMATIC
CELL DIVISION IS PART OF THE BLANK CYCLE
CELL
ORDERLY SET OF STAGES THAT OCCUR BETWEEN THE TIME A CELL DIVIDES AND THE TIME THE RESULTING DAUGHTER CELLS DIVIDE, IS KNOWN AS BLANK BLANK
CELL CYCLE
STAGES IN ORDER FOR THE CELL CYCLE
G1 S G2 M
G1(BLANK PHASE 1): NEW ORGANELLES ARE PRODUCED TO BLANK THOSE LOST TO THE OTHER CELL
GROWTH. REPLACE
S: CHROMOSOMES ARE BLANK (NEW DNA IS BLANK)
DUPLICATED. SYNTHESIZED
G2(GROWTH PHASE 2): CELL PREPARES FOR BLANK BY PRODUCING BLANK
DIVISION. PROTEINS
M STAGE: NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM DIVIDE (BLANK AND BLANK)
MITOSIS. CYTOKINESIS
THERE ARE BLANK REGULATORY CHECK POINTS THE CELL MUST MOVE THROUGH FOR CELL DIVISION TO OCCUR, OTHERWISE DIVISION BLANK
THREE. STOPS
G1-CELL DETERMINES IF DNA IS READY TO BE BLANK
DUPLICATED
G2- CELL DETERMINES IF DNA DUPLICATION WAS BLANK
SUCCESSFUL
M- THE CELL CYCLE STOPS WHEN BLANK ARE NOT BEING DISTRIBUTED TO NEW CELLS
CHROMOSOMES
AN INDIVIDUAL MOLECULE OF BLANK IS A CHROMOSOME
DNA
CHROMOSOMES THAT ARE THE SAME SIZE, SHAPE, AND CARRY SIMILAR GENES IS KNOWN AS BLANK BLANK
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
CELLS THAT HAVE TWO (A PAIR) OF EACH TYPE OF CHROMOSOME (2 OF EACH HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME). ONE CHROMOSOME COMES FROM THE FATHER THROUGH THE SPERM, THE OTHER COMES FROM THE MOTHER THROUGH THE EGG. THIS IS KNOWN AS BLANK (BLANK) BLANK
DIPLOID 2N CELLS
HUMANS HAVE A DIPLOID NUMBER OF BLANK (FOUND IN BLANK BODY CELLS)
46. TYPICAL
CELLS THAT HAVE HALF THE DIPLOID NUMBER CHROMOSOMES (ONE OF EACH TYPE OF CHROMOSOME)(ONE O EACH HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME). THIS IS KNOWN AS BLANK (BLANK) BLANK
HAPLOID 1N CELLS
HUMANS HAVE A HAPLOID NUMBER OF BLANK (FOUND IN BLANK AND BLANK)
23. SPERM. EGG
IN MITOSIS THE NUCLEAR DIVISION IN WHICH THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER STAYS BLANK
CONSTANT
DNA REPLICATION DURING MITOSIS PRODUCES BLANK CHROMOSOMES
DUPLICATED
EACH DUPLICATED CHROMOSOME IN MITOSIS IS COMPOSED OF BLANK SISTER CHROMATIDS HELD TOGETHER BY A BLANK
2. CENTROMERE
IN MITOSIS THE SISTER CHROMATIDS ARE GENETICALLY BLANK
IDENTICAL
DURING MITOSIS, THE CENTROMERE DIVIDES AND ONE OF EACH SITER CHROMATID IS SENT TO EACH NEW CELL AS A BLANK CELL
DAUGHTER
EACH NEW CELL IN MITOSIS RECIEVES A BLANK CELL AND GETS ALL OF THE GENTIC MATERIAL IT NEEDS TO FUNCTION
NEW
A TYPE OF DIVISION OF THE NUCLEUS THAT PRODUCES DAUGHTER CELLS THAT HAVE THE SAME NUMBER AND KINDS OF CHROMOSOMES AS THE ORIGINAL BLANK CELL, THIS IS KNOWN AS BLANK
MOTHER. MITOSIS
OCCURS THROUGHOUT THE BODY TO REPLACE CELLS THAT HAVE DIED OR TO MAKE NEW CELLS FOR GROWTH IS KNOWN AS
MITOSIS
THE 4 CONTINOUS STAGES OF MITOSIS IS
PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DISAPPEARS, CENTROSOMES MIGRATE AWAY FROM EACH OTHER, SPINDLE FIBERS APPEAR, CHROMOSOMES THICKEN
PROPHASE
CHROMOSOMES LINE UP AT THE MIDDLE (FORMING A PLATE) OF THE CELL
METAPHASE
CENTROSOMES DIVIDE, SISTER CHROMATIDS MIGRATE TO OPPOSITE POLES
ANAPHASE
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE FORMS, SPINDLE DISAPPEARS, CHROMOSOMES UNWIND, CYTOKINESIS OCCURS
TELOPHASE
HOW PLANT CELLS DIVIDE:
-OCCURS IN BLANK TISSUES
-SAME PHASES AS BLANK CELLS
-PLANT CELLS DO NOT HAVE BLANK OR BLANK
MERISTEMATIC. ANIMAL. CENTRIOLES. ASTERS
CYTOKINESIS IN ANIMAL CELLS:
-BLANK FURROW FORMS BETWEEN DAUGHTER NUCLEI AND DIVIDES FROM THE OUTSIDE INWARD
-BLANK RING CONTRACTS DEEPINING THE FURROW
-CONTINUES UNTIL BLANK IS COMPLETE
CLEAVAGE. CONTRACTILE. SEPERATION
CYTOKINESIS IN PLANT CELLS:
-CELL PLATE FORMS ON THE BLANK BETWEEN DAUGHTER CELLS
-BLANK APPARATUS PRODUCES VESICLE WHICH MOVE TO DISK AND FORM PLASMA MEMBRANE
-RELEASE BLANK WHICH BUILD NEW CELL WALLS
INSIDE. GOLGI. MOLECULES
A REPRODUCTIVE CELL (IS HAPLOID)
GAMETE
A MALE GAMETE
SPERM CELL
A FEMALE GAMETE
EGG CELL
THE CELL FORMED BY THE UNION OF TWO GAMETES (IS DIPLOID)
ZYGOTE
Meiosis a type of division that:
Occurs in the life cycle of blank reproducing organisms to produce gametes (sperm or egg)
Serves to keep the chromosome number blank from generation to generation by reducing the chromosome number from the diploid number t
sexually
constant
increase
Overview of Meiosis
involves 2 nuclear divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II) and produces blank haploid daughter cells
Cells are blank at beginning of meiosis
Pairs of chromosomes are called blank. One comes from that individual's father and the other from
4
diploid
homologues
daughter
Meiosis I
Homologues line up side by side at equator (blank)
When pairs blank, each daughter cell receives one member of the pair
Cells are blank at the end of meiosis I
synapsis
seperate
haploid
period of times between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2, no duplication of the chromosomes occur because they have already been duplicated before meiosis 1
interkenesis
Meiosis II
No replication of blank occurs in this division
Centromeres divide and sister chromatids migrate to blank poles to become individual chromosomes
Each of the blank daughter cells produced has the haploid chromosome number and each chromosome is
dna
opposite
4
haploid
restores the diploid number of chromosomes in a cell (zygote) that will develop into a new individual
fertilization
Genetic variation helps populations adapt to the environment and is generated three ways
blank blank
Independent Assortment of blank Chromosomes
blank
crossing over
Homologous
fertilization
Crossing Over
-it happens during meiosis I, the 2 homologous chromosomes bond to each other by a process called blank
-the genetic material of two blank chromatids is exchanged between homologous chromosomes while they are aligned (crossing over).
-it is
synapsis
nonsister
new
DNA replication occurs only blank prior to either meiosis and mitosis
Meiosis requires blank nuclear divisions, mitosis only one
Meiosis produces blank daughter cells, mitosis produces two
Daughter cells from meiosis are blank, those from mitosis are dipl
once
two
four
haploid
variable
Recognize the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis
both require blank and blank
Meiosis in the female is called blank
Meiosis in the male is called blank
At fertilization, the resulting blank divides by mitosis for the processes of growth and
meiosis. mitosis
oogenesis
spermatogenesis
zygote
repair