It grows by making more cells
What happens when a living thing grows
Moving nutrients and wastes
The larger a cell becomes, the cell has trouble what across the membrane
Good
Small cell large ratio
Bad
Large cell small ratio
increase, much more rapidly
As a cell what in size, it's volume increases what than its surface
decrease, this is not good
When the cell size increases the ratio of surface area to volume does what
Surface area
The total area of the cell membrane
Volume
The contents inside the cell
100
If the cells diameter increases by 10x the surface area increases by what
1000
If the diameter increases by 10x the volume is increased by what
cell division
the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
Goes through cell division
How does a cell solve the problem of becoming to large
daughter, replicated
Each what cell gets a complete set of genetic material since the cell what it's DNA beforehand
increased ratio(this is good)
Each Daughter cell now has a what of surface area to volume which allows efficient exchange of material with the environment(good or bad?)
Prokaryotes
What kind of cell can just simply separate into two parts after copying its genetic info
Separate into two parts
After copying it's genetic info prokaryotes can simply do what
Two
How many stages do eukaryotes go through
Mitosis
What is the first stage of a eukaryote cell
Cytokinesis
What is the second stage of a eukaryotic cell
Asexual
What kind of reproduction is mitosis
Because new cells are identical to the parent cell
Why it mitosis asexual reproduction
Grow and develop
The source of new cells so organisms can what and what
Chromosomes
Structures in the cell that contains genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next
DNA and proteins
What are chromosomes made of?
Chromatin, chromosomes
The dna and proteins are spread throughout the nucleus as what which will condense into compact visible structures as what
During cell division
When are chromosomes visible
Centromere
What holds sister chromatids together
2 identical sister chromatids attached at the centromere
What does each chromosome consist of
46
How many chromosomes do humans have?
8
How many chromosomes does a fruit fly have?
18
How many chromosomes does a carrot have
48
How many chromosomes does a chimpanzee have
cell cycle
What is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
A. Cell grows, b. Cell prepares for division,c. Cell divides into 2 new cells
What is the cell cycle
G1,S,G2
What are interphase's three phases
G1
Cell grows, new proteins and organelles are made
S
DNA replicates, key proteins are made
G2
Preparation for mitosis, needed materials are made
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What are the four phases of mitosis?
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
What is included in the M phase
Body( somatic cells)
What kind of cells does mitosis deal with
Between
Inter
Interphase
Period Between divisions
Interphase
G1, S, G2
Interphase
Cell prepares to divide and start mitosis
Prophase
Mitosis begins
Prophase
Takes 50 to 60% of mitosis time (longest phase)
Prophase
Centrioles in animal cells move to opposite ends of the cell and make spindle
Spindle
Fibers that help move chromosomes
Prophase
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappears chromosomes become visible
Metaphase
Only last a few minutes
Metaphase
Spindle fibers push and pull chromosomes in order to line up across the middle of the cell
Metaphase
The poles (opposite ends of cell) appear starlike and are called Asters
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate at the centromere and become individual chromosomes
Anaphase
The spindle help guide the chromosomes away from each other towards opposite sides of the cell
Telophase
Chromosomes will turn back into chromatin
Telophase
Spindle disappears
Telophase
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus begin to reappear
Telophase
Centrioles double
Cytokinesis
Cell divides into two new daughter cells
Cytokinesis
The two identical cells now enters G1 of interphase and the cycle repeats
Cytokinesis in animal cells
The cell membrane pinches in to make new cells
cytokinesis in plant cells
cell plate forms to make new cells and will become a cell wall
Interphase
Only occurs once
Interphase
Replication takes place
Interphase
Pairs of chromosomes come together and form a tetrad
4
What does a tetra equal
Prophase I
Crossing over can occur
Prophase I
Spindle fibers form
Prophase I
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus fade
Prophase I
Centrioles move away from each other
Metaphase I
Each tetrad moves to the middle of the cell
Anaphase I
Chromosomes of each tetrad are pulled apart
Anaphase I
Chromosomes are still in pairs
Anaphase I
Each pair moves to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase I
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform
Telophase I
Nuclei for daughter cells are made
Telophase I
Spindle fades
Cytokinesis I
Cell divides into two new cells
Cytokinesis I
No replication is needed new cells do not go into interphase
Cytokinesis I
The 2nd set of steps begin
Prophase II
Centrioles move
Prophase II
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus fade
Prophase II
Spindle forms
Metaphase II
Chromosomes line up across the middle
Metaphase II
Chromosomes are still paired
Anaphase II
Centromeres split and individual chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase II
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform making a nucleus for each new cell
Telophase II
Spindle fibers fade
Cytokinesis II
Each of the two daughter cells from part one spilt
Cytokinesis
There are now 4 daughter cells that have 1/2 the # of chromosomes as the original parent cell
Multicellular
Cell growth and division in what kind of organism if carefully controlled
At the same rate
Not all cells go through the cell cycle at what
Nerves don't divide, but skin does a lot
Give an example of cells not going through the cell cycle
Lab
Scientists can observe effects of controlled growth where
When they touch each other in a petri dish
When do cells stop growing
Cyclins
Proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
internal regulators
proteins that respond to events inside the cell
external regulators
proteins that respond to events outside the cell
Cancer
A disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth
Signals that regulate growth of most cells
What do cancer cells not respond to
Tumors
Cancer cells form masses of cells called
Smoking, radiation, viral infections
Causes for cancer cells include
Males
Results in 4 cells that all become sperm cells
Males
Lifespan is about 42-72 hours
Males
3 billion would fit in a thimble
female
Results in 4 cells, but only 1 will become an egg
Female
Lifespan is about 24 hours
Female
3 billion would fit in a top hat
females
The 3 left over cells are called polar bodies
It grows by making more cells
What happens when a living thing grows
Moving nutrients and wastes
The larger a cell becomes, the cell has trouble what across the membrane
Good
Small cell large ratio
Bad
Large cell small ratio
increase, much more rapidly
As a cell what in size, it's volume increases what than its surface
decrease, this is not good
When the cell size increases the ratio of surface area to volume does what
Surface area
The total area of the cell membrane
Volume
The contents inside the cell
100
If the cells diameter increases by 10x the surface area increases by what
1000
If the diameter increases by 10x the volume is increased by what
cell division
the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
Goes through cell division
How does a cell solve the problem of becoming to large
daughter, replicated
Each what cell gets a complete set of genetic material since the cell what it's DNA beforehand
increased ratio(this is good)
Each Daughter cell now has a what of surface area to volume which allows efficient exchange of material with the environment(good or bad?)
Prokaryotes
What kind of cell can just simply separate into two parts after copying its genetic info
Separate into two parts
After copying it's genetic info prokaryotes can simply do what
Two
How many stages do eukaryotes go through
Mitosis
What is the first stage of a eukaryote cell
Cytokinesis
What is the second stage of a eukaryotic cell
Asexual
What kind of reproduction is mitosis
Because new cells are identical to the parent cell
Why it mitosis asexual reproduction
Grow and develop
The source of new cells so organisms can what and what
Chromosomes
Structures in the cell that contains genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next
DNA and proteins
What are chromosomes made of?
Chromatin, chromosomes
The dna and proteins are spread throughout the nucleus as what which will condense into compact visible structures as what
During cell division
When are chromosomes visible
Centromere
What holds sister chromatids together
2 identical sister chromatids attached at the centromere
What does each chromosome consist of
46
How many chromosomes do humans have?
8
How many chromosomes does a fruit fly have?
18
How many chromosomes does a carrot have
48
How many chromosomes does a chimpanzee have
cell cycle
What is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
A. Cell grows, b. Cell prepares for division,c. Cell divides into 2 new cells
What is the cell cycle
G1,S,G2
What are interphase's three phases
G1
Cell grows, new proteins and organelles are made
S
DNA replicates, key proteins are made
G2
Preparation for mitosis, needed materials are made
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What are the four phases of mitosis?
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
What is included in the M phase
Body( somatic cells)
What kind of cells does mitosis deal with
Between
Inter
Interphase
Period Between divisions
Interphase
G1, S, G2
Interphase
Cell prepares to divide and start mitosis
Prophase
Mitosis begins
Prophase
Takes 50 to 60% of mitosis time (longest phase)
Prophase
Centrioles in animal cells move to opposite ends of the cell and make spindle
Spindle
Fibers that help move chromosomes
Prophase
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappears chromosomes become visible
Metaphase
Only last a few minutes
Metaphase
Spindle fibers push and pull chromosomes in order to line up across the middle of the cell
Metaphase
The poles (opposite ends of cell) appear starlike and are called Asters
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate at the centromere and become individual chromosomes
Anaphase
The spindle help guide the chromosomes away from each other towards opposite sides of the cell
Telophase
Chromosomes will turn back into chromatin
Telophase
Spindle disappears
Telophase
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus begin to reappear
Telophase
Centrioles double
Cytokinesis
Cell divides into two new daughter cells
Cytokinesis
The two identical cells now enters G1 of interphase and the cycle repeats
Cytokinesis in animal cells
The cell membrane pinches in to make new cells
cytokinesis in plant cells
cell plate forms to make new cells and will become a cell wall
Interphase
Only occurs once
Interphase
Replication takes place
Interphase
Pairs of chromosomes come together and form a tetrad
4
What does a tetra equal
Prophase I
Crossing over can occur
Prophase I
Spindle fibers form
Prophase I
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus fade
Prophase I
Centrioles move away from each other
Metaphase I
Each tetrad moves to the middle of the cell
Anaphase I
Chromosomes of each tetrad are pulled apart
Anaphase I
Chromosomes are still in pairs
Anaphase I
Each pair moves to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase I
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform
Telophase I
Nuclei for daughter cells are made
Telophase I
Spindle fades
Cytokinesis I
Cell divides into two new cells
Cytokinesis I
No replication is needed new cells do not go into interphase
Cytokinesis I
The 2nd set of steps begin
Prophase II
Centrioles move
Prophase II
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus fade
Prophase II
Spindle forms
Metaphase II
Chromosomes line up across the middle
Metaphase II
Chromosomes are still paired
Anaphase II
Centromeres split and individual chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase II
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform making a nucleus for each new cell
Telophase II
Spindle fibers fade
Cytokinesis II
Each of the two daughter cells from part one spilt
Cytokinesis
There are now 4 daughter cells that have 1/2 the # of chromosomes as the original parent cell
Multicellular
Cell growth and division in what kind of organism if carefully controlled
At the same rate
Not all cells go through the cell cycle at what
Nerves don't divide, but skin does a lot
Give an example of cells not going through the cell cycle
Lab
Scientists can observe effects of controlled growth where
When they touch each other in a petri dish
When do cells stop growing
Cyclins
Proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
internal regulators
proteins that respond to events inside the cell
external regulators
proteins that respond to events outside the cell
Cancer
A disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth
Signals that regulate growth of most cells
What do cancer cells not respond to
Tumors
Cancer cells form masses of cells called
Smoking, radiation, viral infections
Causes for cancer cells include
Males
Results in 4 cells that all become sperm cells
Males
Lifespan is about 42-72 hours
Males
3 billion would fit in a thimble
female
Results in 4 cells, but only 1 will become an egg
Female
Lifespan is about 24 hours
Female
3 billion would fit in a top hat
females
The 3 left over cells are called polar bodies