One
How many flagella did the most-recent ancestry of Fungi, Metazoans, and Porifera (sponges) most likely have?
In Karyogamy the nuclei merge, the result is a diploid nucleus
What is the difference between Karyogamy and Plasmogamy?
In Karyogamy 2 different nuclei merge, the result is a homokaryotic nucleus
What is the difference between Karyogamy and Plasmogamy?
Advantage if nuclei are haploid and organism complex and long-living
Is heterokary an advantage or disadvantage? Under which condition?
If Karyogamy is delayed to Plasmogamy;
Right after meiosis Telophase I, if cytokinesis is delayed till after nuclear membrane formation
Heterokary occurs in most higher fungi - under which conditions could it also occur in Plants and Animals (or Eukarya in general)?
Increased likelihood of more than one allele to occur (both contain 2 genomes in an individual, although heterokaryosis keeps them spatially separate in nuclei)
What is a shared strategy or benefit between a diploid genome and heterokary?
G1
In organism with a zygotic or gametic meiosis type, which control point of the cell cycle is switched to the G0 stage in one karyotype? (hint: which part of the cell cycle is most likely not passed in)
Diploid or heterokaric stages are hardly ever homozygous for mating types (Bc the 2 gametes have to be of different mating types, so the zygote contains both different types
Many Eukarya depend on MATING TYPES to avoid inbreeding. What is true for mating types?
Rhizzopus
What fungi has a heterokaryotic or diploid spore than can persist LONG TIME?
Some have flagellate mobility
Some species also have cellulose in their CW
Some species have a sporadic meiosis type
What is true for Chitrids? (3 things)
Ascoma/Ascocarp
When you eat a morel (Morchella), what part do you actually eat?
Lysergic Acid, some grasses (Poaceae)
Ergot (Claviceps): what is the substance found in this fungus, & where does it dwell?
Saprobiont, Ascomycota
Neurospora is a model organism fungus. How does it live and to what group does it belong?
A sporic life cycle
What is special about the life cycle & meiosis type of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces? It is the only filamentous fungus with ...
Saccharomycese is a budding yeast, Schizzosaccharomyces does cell fission
What is the difference between Saccharomyces and Schizzosaccharomyces?
Tertiary mycelium
What cell type forms the Basidiocarp/Basidioma?
Both types (Monokaryotic & Dikaryotic)
What types of mycelium occur in Ascocarps?
Agaricus (Mushroom)
What fungi has the longest active heterokaryotic phase (most mitotic divisions during a heterokaryotic phase)
Meiospores
What are Ascospores?
Conidiospore
What is a type of spore involved in ASEXUAL reproduction?
Closure of the septal pore in emergency
What is the function of a Woronin body?
Basidiomycota
What phyla has a Doliopore
Cell walls contain chitin
What is true for ALL fungi? ALL!
Meiospores
What can you find in the Ascogonium?
Karyogamy
What happens classically in the Crozier?
Parasexually or not at all
How do Deuteromycetes reproduce SEXUALLY?
The ultimate cell (terminal cell) of the cell string of a hyphen
Crozier ("hook") & clamp in higher filamentous fungi are similar & have probably a common ancestral formation. Which part of the Crozier corresponds to the actual clamp?
Biofuel
What use of yeast has the highest turnover in terms of biomass?
Cell cross walls (septa) differ
Situation: You have a fungus mycelium, but no clue what it is. The specimen you have shows no signs of sexual stages. You do have all microscopic equipment you want, but no access to DNA or isoenzyme analysis.
Question: Which is the best way to determine
Oomycetes
What group is NOT part of fungi?
Candida
What is a yeast genus with several pathogen species?
Puccinia (rust)
What does NOT represent a mutual symbiosis involving fungi?
... can digest substrates that are difficult to tackle for enzymes
What is an exceptional ecological key ability of many fungi with high impact on the environment? it is fungi that...
Endophytic Symbiosis
What is the ecological category to which Endo-Mycorrhiza belong?
Introns present, Several RNA polymerases, Start codon for translation is Methonion (AUG) not Formyl-methonion (UUG), histones present
Elements shared by Archaea & Eukarya, but not found in any known Bacteria (4 things)
Cross walls in cell filaments
In filamentous fungi, what is a Septum?
Meiospores
What are Basidiospores?
Endocytosis/Internal Digestion, All are Pathogens/Parasites or Symbionts, Gametic Meiosis Type
Features that are NOT shared by Filamentous fungi (3)
A contiguous cell wall
What inhibits endocytosis?
Actinomycetes
What group is NOT a member of fungi?
Water & mineral exploitation of the environment
What is the main benefit of mycorrhiza for plants with photosynthesis?
They are internal digesters = ingestors, like animals
What is true for Amoebozoa (classical amoeba)?
Chytridomycota
What organism plays an important role in the rumen of cows? (rumen=stomach part where cows ferment food)
Gametic
How is the meiosis type called that (we) animals have?
An infection with a fungus pathogen
What is mycosis?
It can degrade sugar completely to CO2 and H2O
What is true about the metabolism of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces?
G1
Cell cycle: In one of the following mitotic phases, the cell has only half as much DNA than in all other phases listed. Which one?
Ascomycota
What is the stem group of yeasts?
Two
In a heterokaric cell of a filamentous fungus, how many different nuclear genomes are present?
Expanded
In which status are chromosomes during the interphase?
Silicate (SiO2 x H2O
What is the compound of which diatomite consists?
Claviceps
What genera is NOT considered a yeast?
Laminarin
What compound is NOT produced by fungi?
Humans and mycosis (e.g. Aspergillosis)
What does NOT include a mutualistic-symbiosis between a fungus and a member of Metazoa
One
How many flagella did the most-recent ancestry of Fungi, Metazoans, and Porifera (sponges) most likely have?
In Karyogamy the nuclei merge, the result is a diploid nucleus
What is the difference between Karyogamy and Plasmogamy?
In Karyogamy 2 different nuclei merge, the result is a homokaryotic nucleus
What is the difference between Karyogamy and Plasmogamy?
Advantage if nuclei are haploid and organism complex and long-living
Is heterokary an advantage or disadvantage? Under which condition?
If Karyogamy is delayed to Plasmogamy;
Right after meiosis Telophase I, if cytokinesis is delayed till after nuclear membrane formation
Heterokary occurs in most higher fungi - under which conditions could it also occur in Plants and Animals (or Eukarya in general)?
Increased likelihood of more than one allele to occur (both contain 2 genomes in an individual, although heterokaryosis keeps them spatially separate in nuclei)
What is a shared strategy or benefit between a diploid genome and heterokary?
G1
In organism with a zygotic or gametic meiosis type, which control point of the cell cycle is switched to the G0 stage in one karyotype? (hint: which part of the cell cycle is most likely not passed in)
Diploid or heterokaric stages are hardly ever homozygous for mating types (Bc the 2 gametes have to be of different mating types, so the zygote contains both different types
Many Eukarya depend on MATING TYPES to avoid inbreeding. What is true for mating types?
Rhizzopus
What fungi has a heterokaryotic or diploid spore than can persist LONG TIME?
Some have flagellate mobility
Some species also have cellulose in their CW
Some species have a sporadic meiosis type
What is true for Chitrids? (3 things)
Ascoma/Ascocarp
When you eat a morel (Morchella), what part do you actually eat?
Lysergic Acid, some grasses (Poaceae)
Ergot (Claviceps): what is the substance found in this fungus, & where does it dwell?
Saprobiont, Ascomycota
Neurospora is a model organism fungus. How does it live and to what group does it belong?
A sporic life cycle
What is special about the life cycle & meiosis type of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces? It is the only filamentous fungus with ...
Saccharomycese is a budding yeast, Schizzosaccharomyces does cell fission
What is the difference between Saccharomyces and Schizzosaccharomyces?
Tertiary mycelium
What cell type forms the Basidiocarp/Basidioma?
Both types (Monokaryotic & Dikaryotic)
What types of mycelium occur in Ascocarps?
Agaricus (Mushroom)
What fungi has the longest active heterokaryotic phase (most mitotic divisions during a heterokaryotic phase)
Meiospores
What are Ascospores?
Conidiospore
What is a type of spore involved in ASEXUAL reproduction?
Closure of the septal pore in emergency
What is the function of a Woronin body?
Basidiomycota
What phyla has a Doliopore
Cell walls contain chitin
What is true for ALL fungi? ALL!
Meiospores
What can you find in the Ascogonium?
Karyogamy
What happens classically in the Crozier?
Parasexually or not at all
How do Deuteromycetes reproduce SEXUALLY?
The ultimate cell (terminal cell) of the cell string of a hyphen
Crozier ("hook") & clamp in higher filamentous fungi are similar & have probably a common ancestral formation. Which part of the Crozier corresponds to the actual clamp?
Biofuel
What use of yeast has the highest turnover in terms of biomass?
Cell cross walls (septa) differ
Situation: You have a fungus mycelium, but no clue what it is. The specimen you have shows no signs of sexual stages. You do have all microscopic equipment you want, but no access to DNA or isoenzyme analysis.
Question: Which is the best way to determine
Oomycetes
What group is NOT part of fungi?
Candida
What is a yeast genus with several pathogen species?
Puccinia (rust)
What does NOT represent a mutual symbiosis involving fungi?
... can digest substrates that are difficult to tackle for enzymes
What is an exceptional ecological key ability of many fungi with high impact on the environment? it is fungi that...
Endophytic Symbiosis
What is the ecological category to which Endo-Mycorrhiza belong?
Introns present, Several RNA polymerases, Start codon for translation is Methonion (AUG) not Formyl-methonion (UUG), histones present
Elements shared by Archaea & Eukarya, but not found in any known Bacteria (4 things)
Cross walls in cell filaments
In filamentous fungi, what is a Septum?
Meiospores
What are Basidiospores?
Endocytosis/Internal Digestion, All are Pathogens/Parasites or Symbionts, Gametic Meiosis Type
Features that are NOT shared by Filamentous fungi (3)
A contiguous cell wall
What inhibits endocytosis?
Actinomycetes
What group is NOT a member of fungi?
Water & mineral exploitation of the environment
What is the main benefit of mycorrhiza for plants with photosynthesis?
They are internal digesters = ingestors, like animals
What is true for Amoebozoa (classical amoeba)?
Chytridomycota
What organism plays an important role in the rumen of cows? (rumen=stomach part where cows ferment food)
Gametic
How is the meiosis type called that (we) animals have?
An infection with a fungus pathogen
What is mycosis?
It can degrade sugar completely to CO2 and H2O
What is true about the metabolism of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces?
G1
Cell cycle: In one of the following mitotic phases, the cell has only half as much DNA than in all other phases listed. Which one?
Ascomycota
What is the stem group of yeasts?
Two
In a heterokaric cell of a filamentous fungus, how many different nuclear genomes are present?
Expanded
In which status are chromosomes during the interphase?
Silicate (SiO2 x H2O
What is the compound of which diatomite consists?
Claviceps
What genera is NOT considered a yeast?
Laminarin
What compound is NOT produced by fungi?
Humans and mycosis (e.g. Aspergillosis)
What does NOT include a mutualistic-symbiosis between a fungus and a member of Metazoa