Cell division
the process of dividing the cell which = consists of Mitosis & Cytokinesis.
Mitosis
the methodical division of the contents of the nucleus into 2 nuclei - PMAT
Cytokinesis
the dividing of the cytoplasm into two new cells.
Sister chromatid
a DNA molecule and its copy (may or may not be connected by a centromere.)
Centromere
the structure on a DNA molecule that holds a DNA molecule to its copy.
Interphase
the longest phase of the cell cycle consisting of 3 stages - G1, S and G2.
Cell Cycle
the life cycle of the cell - Interphase, Mitosis & Cytokinesis.
Prophase
The 1st and longest phase of Mitosis - DNA condenses into chromosomes, nuclear membrane dissolves, centrioles and spindle fibers appear...
Centriole
a structure found in animal cells that produce spindle fibers that will connect to centromeres and separate sister chromatids during Anaphase.
Spindle fibers
microtubules that extend from centrioles, attach to centromeres then contract back to separate DNA copies (sister chromatids).
Metaphase
2nd stage of Mitosis where the chromosomes (condensed DNA with its copies) line up along the mid-line of the cell.
Anaphase
the 3rd stage of Mitosis where the sister chromatids are pulled apart by the contracting spindle fibers.
Telophase
the 4th stage of Mitosis where the spindle fibers and centrioles disappear, two new nuclear membranes begin to form back and the DNA unwinds back into chromatin.
Cyclin
a group of substances (proteins/enzymes) that regulate the cell cycle.
Cancer
a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division.
DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid - the molecule that stores genetic information in all organsisms.
Nucleotide
the monomer units of nucleic acids both DNA and RNA; consists of 3 parts- sugar, N-base & phosphate group.
Purine
a category of N-bases that has a two ringed structure = Adenine and Guanine.
Pyrimidine
a category of N-bases that have a single ringed structure = Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil.
Ribose
the 5 carbon ringed sugar found in RNA molecules.
Double helix
the double stranded twisted structure of DNA. 'Twisted Ladder'
Base pairing
A.k.a. Chargoff's rule; the rule describes which N-bases will always pair together; A~T & G~C.
Meiosis I
the 1st set of PMAT's during meiosis where the homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated and two new HAPLOID cells are created.
Homologous
describes the pair of chromosomes that carry the same genes; one set comes from male & one set comes from female.
Diploid
used to described cells that have both chromosomes of the homologous pairs = total # of DNA.
Haploid
describes cells that have only one member of the homologous pairs of chromosomes =1/2 # DNA.
Tetrad
the structure made when homologous chromosomes and their sister chromatids come together.
Crossing-over
when the sister chromatids of a tetrad cross over and exchange segments of DNA.
Independent assortment
random distribution of the chromosomes during Mitosis, and Meiosis I & II.
Prophase I
- 1st stage of Meiosis I; tetrads form and crossing-over occurs along with normal prophase events
Metaphase I
2nd stage of Meiosis I; homologous pairs in tetrads line up on the mid line of the cell.
Anaphase I
3rd stage of Meiosis I; the homologous pairs are separated.
Telophase I
4th stage of Meiosis I; new nuclei are formed and cells are haploid and preparing to go into Meiosis II.
Meiosis II
the 2nd PMAT of Meiosis; the two new haploid cells from Meiosis I are separating their replicated chromosomes to form 4 genetically different haploid sex cells - sperm or eggs.
Prophase II
1st stage of Meiosis II; acts like prophase of mitosis in two cells.
Metaphase II
2nd stage of Meiosis II; the replicated chromosomes (sister chromatids) line up along the mid line of the cell.
Anaphase II
the separation of the sister chromatids in the two haploid cells formed in Meiosis I.
Telophaes
the 4th stage of Meiosis II where new nuclei are formed and spindle fibers and centrioles disappear.
Replication
the copying of DNA during the S stage of Interphase.
DNA Helicase
the enzyme that unwinds and unzips DNA exposing the Nitrogen base sequence of the DNA
DNA Polymerase
the enzyme that comes in and lays down new DNA nucleotides based on the sequence found on the exposed DNA strands.
Cell division
the process of dividing the cell which = consists of Mitosis & Cytokinesis.
Mitosis
the methodical division of the contents of the nucleus into 2 nuclei - PMAT
Cytokinesis
the dividing of the cytoplasm into two new cells.
Sister chromatid
a DNA molecule and its copy (may or may not be connected by a centromere.)
Centromere
the structure on a DNA molecule that holds a DNA molecule to its copy.
Interphase
the longest phase of the cell cycle consisting of 3 stages - G1, S and G2.
Cell Cycle
the life cycle of the cell - Interphase, Mitosis & Cytokinesis.
Prophase
The 1st and longest phase of Mitosis - DNA condenses into chromosomes, nuclear membrane dissolves, centrioles and spindle fibers appear...
Centriole
a structure found in animal cells that produce spindle fibers that will connect to centromeres and separate sister chromatids during Anaphase.
Spindle fibers
microtubules that extend from centrioles, attach to centromeres then contract back to separate DNA copies (sister chromatids).
Metaphase
2nd stage of Mitosis where the chromosomes (condensed DNA with its copies) line up along the mid-line of the cell.
Anaphase
the 3rd stage of Mitosis where the sister chromatids are pulled apart by the contracting spindle fibers.
Telophase
the 4th stage of Mitosis where the spindle fibers and centrioles disappear, two new nuclear membranes begin to form back and the DNA unwinds back into chromatin.
Cyclin
a group of substances (proteins/enzymes) that regulate the cell cycle.
Cancer
a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division.
DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid - the molecule that stores genetic information in all organsisms.
Nucleotide
the monomer units of nucleic acids both DNA and RNA; consists of 3 parts- sugar, N-base & phosphate group.
Purine
a category of N-bases that has a two ringed structure = Adenine and Guanine.
Pyrimidine
a category of N-bases that have a single ringed structure = Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil.
Ribose
the 5 carbon ringed sugar found in RNA molecules.
Double helix
the double stranded twisted structure of DNA. 'Twisted Ladder'
Base pairing
A.k.a. Chargoff's rule; the rule describes which N-bases will always pair together; A~T & G~C.
Meiosis I
the 1st set of PMAT's during meiosis where the homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated and two new HAPLOID cells are created.
Homologous
describes the pair of chromosomes that carry the same genes; one set comes from male & one set comes from female.
Diploid
used to described cells that have both chromosomes of the homologous pairs = total # of DNA.
Haploid
describes cells that have only one member of the homologous pairs of chromosomes =1/2 # DNA.
Tetrad
the structure made when homologous chromosomes and their sister chromatids come together.
Crossing-over
when the sister chromatids of a tetrad cross over and exchange segments of DNA.
Independent assortment
random distribution of the chromosomes during Mitosis, and Meiosis I & II.
Prophase I
- 1st stage of Meiosis I; tetrads form and crossing-over occurs along with normal prophase events
Metaphase I
2nd stage of Meiosis I; homologous pairs in tetrads line up on the mid line of the cell.
Anaphase I
3rd stage of Meiosis I; the homologous pairs are separated.
Telophase I
4th stage of Meiosis I; new nuclei are formed and cells are haploid and preparing to go into Meiosis II.
Meiosis II
the 2nd PMAT of Meiosis; the two new haploid cells from Meiosis I are separating their replicated chromosomes to form 4 genetically different haploid sex cells - sperm or eggs.
Prophase II
1st stage of Meiosis II; acts like prophase of mitosis in two cells.
Metaphase II
2nd stage of Meiosis II; the replicated chromosomes (sister chromatids) line up along the mid line of the cell.
Anaphase II
the separation of the sister chromatids in the two haploid cells formed in Meiosis I.
Telophaes
the 4th stage of Meiosis II where new nuclei are formed and spindle fibers and centrioles disappear.
Replication
the copying of DNA during the S stage of Interphase.
DNA Helicase
the enzyme that unwinds and unzips DNA exposing the Nitrogen base sequence of the DNA
DNA Polymerase
the enzyme that comes in and lays down new DNA nucleotides based on the sequence found on the exposed DNA strands.