Science, Unit one: Cell Structure and Function, Mrs. Tobin: Cells test

Nucleus

In cells, a large oval organelle that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA and controls many of the cell's activities

Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the ER, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell

Ribosomes

Small grain shaped organelles found in the cytoplasm of the cell that produces proteins.

Lysosomes

A cell organelle which contains chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones and that can be used by the rest of the cell

Cell membrane

A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds a cell and controls which substances pass into and out of the cell

Cell Wall

A rigid supporting layer that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms

Vacuole

A sac-like organelle that stores water, food, and other materials

Chloroplast

An organelle of plant cells and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and changes it into an energy that the cell can use in making food

Mitochondria

Rod-shaped organelles that convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its function

cell

The basic unit of structure in living things

organism

All living things; Multicellular: many cells; Unicellular: one cell

response to a stimulus

The stimulus is a change in the organism's environment, it then responds/ reacts

homeostasis

The tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance or equilibrium within its internal environment, even when faced with external changes. A simple example of homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain an internal temperature around 98

use energy

To divide/ reproduce/ split

reproduce

Through a division process (either mitosis or meiosis)

hooke

He was an English scientist who made his own microscope and looked at the cells of bark from a dead oak tree

leeuwenhoek

A few years after Hooke looked into the microscope, Dutch businessman (answer) was the first to see living cells through a microscope

cell theory

All living things are made up of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
All cells are produced from other cells

prokaryotic

First cells to evolve
No nucleus
Hereditary information is contained within the cytoplasm
Example: Bacteria

ekaryotic

Evolved from Prokaryotes
Have a nucleus
Hereditary information is contained within the nucleus
Examples: Animals, Fungi, and Plants

tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function

organ

A body structure that is composed of different kinds of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

organ system

A group of organs that work together to perform a major function

functions of asexual reproduction

growth, repair, reproduce

growth

when your body gets bigger with age/ over time

repair

you cut through a layer of tissue, so the cells fix it by reproducing

reproduce

to make offspring

cell cycle

A series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells

interphase

The first phase of the cell cycle that takes place before the division occurs, during which a cell grows and copies its DNA

mitosis

The the second stage of the cell cycle in which the cell's nucleus divides into two nuclei and one set of DNA is distributed into each daughter cell

prophase

Chromosomes condense into chromatids (rod-like parts) which are held together by a centromere

metaphase

Chromatids line up and attach to the spindle fibers

anaphase

Chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

telephase

2 new nuclei form; chromatid now chromatin (thin threads)

P.M.A.T

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase

cytokinesis

Cell membrane pinches inward to create 2 new daughter cells, each with it sown nucleus and identical chromosomes

2 identical daughter cells

Are produced from mitosis; Diploid

4 genetically different daughter cells

Haploid

functions of meiosis

sexual reproduction, genetic variation

sexual reproduction

to create offspring

genetic variation

so as to evolve

Chromatids are held together by

Centromere

# of diploid

46

#of haploid

23