Genetics Vocabulary

Fertilization

The joining of sperm and egg to form one new cell.

Diploids

Cells that contain 46 chromosomes, or have full pairs of chromosomes (2n).

Haploids

Cells that contain 23 unpaired chromosomes. Half of normal amount (1n).

Mitosis

The stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus divides into 2 and one DNA copy is given to each daughter cell.

Meiosis

A process that occurs in sex cell formation with sperm and egg by which the chromosome number is reduced by half. In haploid cells.

Gamete Cells

Sex cells. Contain half of usual chromosome number. One for each pair. Found only in reproductive organs.

Genes

Sets of info that control a trait; a part of DNA on chromosomes that code traits.

Alleles

Different forms of genes.

Dominant Alleles

Alleles that always show up in an organism when present.

Homozygous Genotypes

Two identical alleles for a trait.

Heterozygous Genotypes

Genotypes that have two different alleles for a trait.

Recessive Alleles

Alleles that are masked when a dominant allele is present.

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup of allele combinations.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance or visible traits.

Incomplete Dominance

A mixing or blending of two alleles.

Codominance

When 2 dominant alleles are expressed.

Interphase

The cell grows and replicates DNA and prepares for mitosis.

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes and nuclear membrane disappears.

Metaphase

Chromosome line up in the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

Chromosomes split and are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell.

Telophase

New nuclear envelope forms and chromosomes unwind into chromatin.

Cytokinesis

Cell cytoplasm divides and creates 2 new cells.

Diploid body cells

What cells are in Mitosis?

Haploid sex cells

What cells are in Meiosis?

2n

Diploid

1n

Haploid

1

How many times is DNA replicated in Mitosis?

1

How many times is DNA replicated in Meiosis?

1

How many cell divisions are there in Mitosis?

Every

In Mitosis, chromosomes are copied before _________ cell division.

First

In Meiosis, chromosomes are copied before _________ cell division.

2

How many daughter cells come out of Mitosis?

4

How many daughter cells come out of Meiosis?

46

In Mitosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell?

23

In Meiosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell?

Growth, Development, and Repair

What is Mitosis necessary for?

Reproduction

What is Meiosis necessary for?

2

Gregor Mendel said there are ______ factors for every trait that are passed from parents to offspring.

Father of Genetics

Gregor Mendel is known as the __________________ for his experiments with pea plants.

1

Gregor Mendel found that offspring inherit ________ factor from each parent for every trait.

Dominant, Recessive

Gregor Mendel found that there are factors that mask others in offspring - ___________ v.s. ____________.