what are the conducting zone structures?
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
what are the respiratory zone structures?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
functions of respiratory system (5)
breathing, gas exchange, gas conditioning, sound production, olfaction
gas exchanged through 2 processes
external and internal respiration
gas exchange between lungs and blood
external respiration
gas exchange between blood and tissues
internal respiration
respiration controlled by (2)
pons and medulla
stimulus for breathing is a build up of (2) and not due to a decrease in
H+ and CO2; O2
zone that carries air
conducting zone
cleanses, humidifies and warms air
conducting zone
�Site that conducts air and allows it to pass in and out of the lungs.
conducting zone
site of gas exchange
respiratory zone
Site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange with the blood.
respiratory zone
Respiratory bronchioles and the alveolar ducts are responsible for 10% of gas exchange in the
respiratory zone
upper respiratory tract structures (2) main
nose; pharynx
lower respiratory tract structures (4)
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
group of air filled sacs spaces in frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid
paranasal sinuses
triangular shaped, opening closed off by epiglottis, contains vocal cords
larynx
guardian of the airway
epiglottis
Descends from the larynx and leads to primary bronchi
trachea
trachea is lined with
ciliated epithelium
Composed of C-rings to keep airway open
trachea
C rings are made of
hyaline cartilage
C rings allow for expansion when __
swallowing
membrane that lines the organs
visceral pleura
membrane that lines the walls of the cavity
parietal pleura
2 phases of pulmonary ventilation
inspiration and expiration
air into lungs
inspiration
air out of lungs
expiration
pulmonary ventilation Dependent upon ___ changes which lead to __ changes which lead to the follow of gases to equalize pressure
volume; pressure
muscles involved in inspiration
diaphragm and external intercostals
muscles involved in expiration
internal intercostals
Inspiration:
1. __ & ___muscles contract
diaphragm; external intercostals
inspiration:
2. ___ cavity volume increases
thoracic
Inspiration:
3. Lungs are ___; intrapulmonary volume ___
stretched;increases
Inspiration:
4. Intrapulmonary pressure ___
drops
Inspiration:
5. Air (gases) flow into the lungs ___ its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is __
down; zero
Expiration:
1. Inspiratory muscles ___
relax
Expiration:
2. Thoracic cavity volume ___
decreases
Expiration:
3. Elastic lungs recoil ___; intrapulmonary volume ____
passively; decreases
Expiration:
4. Intrapulmonary pressure ___
rises
Expiration:
5. Air (gases) flows out of the lungs __ its pressure gradient until the intrapulmonary pressure is __
down; zero
neural centers that control respiratory rhythm
medulla and pons
normal respiration rate
12-18 breaths/min
4 factors that influence rate and depth of breathing
medulla, pons, physical, chemical
talking, yawning, coughing, exercise can modify the rate and depth of respiration
physical
Ex. changes in oxygen or carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood or fluctuations in blood pH.
chemical
hypocapnia: ___ CO2 ___ pH ___RR -- need more air
increased; lower; increased
hypercapnia: __ CO2 __ pH __ RR --need to calm down
decreased; increased; decreased
the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forceful expiration
residual volume
the total volume of the lungs (VC + RV)
total lung capacity
the total amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal quiet expiration (ERV +RV)
functional residual capacity
the total amount of air inhaled and exhaled at each breath during normal quiet breathing
tidal volume
the volume of air that can be forcefully inspired following a normal quiet inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume
the volume of air that can be forcefully expired following a normal quiet expiration
expiratory reserve volume
the max amount of air that can be exhaled after the fullest inspiration possible (TV + ERV + IRV)
vital capacity
the max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation (TV + IRV)
inspiratory capacity
holding ones breath causes a build up in ___ (hypoventilation)
CO2
(hypo) When exhaling, there is a ___ amount of carbon dioxide causing a ___ change in pH due to increased Hydrogen ions and carbonic acid
greater; faster
(hyper) ___ breathing rate causes a decrease in carbon dioxide
increased
(hyper) When exhaling, there is ___ carbon dioxide causing a ___ change in pH due to a decrease in hydrogen ion and carbonic acid
less; slower