How are drug names classified
1. chemical
2. Brand-Trade
3. Generic
4. Official listed in USP
5. Code (testing not approved)
What is considered a drug?
any chemical that alters an organism's function or processes
What is the generic & Trade name for albuterol
Generic: Albuterol
Trade/Brand: Ventolin and Proventil (211 total)
What is the USP and FDA name for albuterol
Albuterol sulfate
What sources are available for drug information
1. USP-NF "official" drug bible- not used in clinical practive except by pharmacists
2. PDR-prepared by drug manufacturers
3.Merck Manual-does not contain all drugs but is very clinically oriented
4.various drug hand book
5.Facts and comparsion-wolters kl
What are the three basic phases of a drug action
Pharmaceutical
pharmocokinetic
pharmacodynamic
which stage is introduction into the body beginning dissolution and disintegration
pharmaceutical
What stage is a drug receptor interaction
pharmacodynamic
What is the phase called when the drug goes through absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination
Pharmacokinetic
The pharmaceutical phase controls dosage form and the administration of drugs. What are the ways of adminstration
PO (oral)
Parenteral (needle injections)
Topical-(directly applied on the skin and mucus membranes (which includes inhaled)
What type of ROA is inhaled respiratory drugs, and why is this important?
Topical
Targets source and fast acting
Why is the oral route poor for ROA
most of our drugs metabolize to quickly in the stomach because it takes too long to find the receptors
Where are the side effects from respiratory drugs come from
mouth and mucus membranes
The following drugs:
adrenergic
anticholinergic
mucoactive
corticosteriods
antiasthmatics
antiinfectives
Exogenous surfactants
are ________Agents categories
aerosolized
the pharmacokinetic phase is dependent upon what 4 factors
absorption
distribution
metabolism
elimination
Where does each factor of pharmacokinetic phase taken place
absorption- in the gi tract
distribution- site of action
metabolism-liver
elimination-kidney
what does efficacy mean
a drug's peak biological affect
what does potency mean
amount of drug reequired to produce a desired affect
what is a side effect
any undesired affect from a drug
What two types of absorption are there and what happens in each tyoes
passive-moves across the cell membrane to affected site- inhaled meds
active- drug working against pressure gradient (Na out of the muscles)
Pinocytosis- cells engult large molecules of the drug
What is a major factor when it comes to pharmacokinetic diffusion?
if the cells are lipid soluble (best rate of diffuison)
What are ways of distributions of drug
bloodstream
lymphatics
spinal fluid
When distribution slowed
overweight people because of the lipid and fat cells
What are the two sites for metabolism
liver and gastric mucosa (lining of the stomach)
what can affect elimination
renal failure and dialysis
Name four reason why drugs are aerosolized
target the lungs specifically
minimize systemic absorption
some respiratory drugs metabolize in the stomach (epinephrine)
What is the receptor theory
the drug molecule responds to the structure of the receptor site like a key into a lock
What are the three essential components of the pharmacodynamic phase
the drug must reach the receptor site
drug should be specific to a certain receptor
specificity based on drug chemical
What does affinity mean in the phasrmacodynamic phase
tendency of a drug to want to combine with a specific receptor site
What does efficacy mean in the pharmacodynamic phase
tendency of a drug to cause a certain response
What is an agonist
drug has affinity and produces a desired affect
what is an antagonist
drug as an affinity, but produces no affect (block)
This drug has the capability to block the desired affect of the agonistic drug if it gets to the receptor site first (narcan)
What is a drug that would be an example of the receptor theory
morphine
What is TI (therapeutic index)
how close the effective dose is to the dose that can be lethal for 50% of the testing population
The _________the index, the _______the drug
Higher , safer
The increased drug usage, the TI ______ for all drugs
decreases
How can you figure out the TI
lethal dose (for 50% population)/effective dose (for 50% of the population) Ratio between the two
If a TI is 100, is that unsafe or safe
safe
What are the most importabt properties of an ideal drug
effectiveness, safety, and selectivity
True or False: If the drug is not effective, it should be used
False- it should not be used
True or False: there is no such drug as safe drug- all drugs can cause harm
True
True or False: The is no such thing as selective drug: all drugs can cause side effects
True
What is the objective of drug therapy
provide maximum benefit within minimum harm
True or False: all patients are unique, drug therapy should not be tailored to each individual
False- drug therapy must be tailored to each individual