what is the physiology of the cardiovascular (CV) system?
Myocardial pump, Myocardial blood flow, coronary artery circulation, systemic circulation
myocardial pump
...
myocardial blood flow
...
coronary artery circulation
...
systemic circulation
...
how does blood flow through the heart?
1. Right Atrium
2. Tricuspid valve
3. Right Ventricle
4.Pulmonic Valve
5. Pulmonary Arteries
6. Pulmonic Veins
7.Left Atrium
8. Mitral Valve
9. Left Ventricle
10.
11.
Congestive Heart Failure
A condition resulting from the heart's inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it; blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body.(Edema seen here)
What is conduction system?
1.SA node (pacemaker) beats at 60-100 beats per minute
2.AV node (back up) beats at 40-60
3.Purkinje fibers (back up) beats at 20-30
Structures of the Pulmonary system?
1.airway
2.lungs
what are the functions of the pulmonary system?
Respiration
Ventilation (breathing)
External Respiration: Alveolar- Capillary Gas Exchange
Internal Respiration: Capillary-Tissue Gas Exchange
Systemic capillaries and tissues: movement of CO2 and O2
What is Pulmonary Ventilation?
1.Breathing
inhalation and exhalation
2.Lung Compliance
elastic recoil and airway resistance
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Tidal Volume (TV)
500 mL
Residual Volume (RV) (forceful exhalation)
1000-1500 mL
Vital Capacity (VC) (inhalation and forceful exhalation)
3000-4500 mL
hypoventilation
A reduction in the amount of air entering the alveoli causing an increase in carbon dioxide concentration and subsequent respiratory acidosis.(caused by either slow or shallow breathing or both)May occur b/c of diseases of the respiratory muscles, drugs,
hyperventilation (physiological stress)
When this occurs, arterial O2 rises and CO2 falls. The person may experience light-headedness and numbness and tingling of the fingers, toes, and around the mouth.
developmental factors
Infants
At birth the fluid-filled lungs drain, the PCO2 rises and the neonate takes a first breath. The lungs gradually expand with each subsequent breath, reaching full inflation after 2 weeks.
developmental factors
changes of aging that affect the respiratory system of older adults become especially important if the system is compromised by changes such as infection, physical or emotional stress, surgery, anesthesia, or other procedures. These
Chest wall and airways become more rigid and less elastic.
The amount of exchanged air is decreased.
The cough reflex and cilia action are decreased.
Mucous membranes become drier and more fragile.
Decreases in muscle strength and endurance occur.
If oste
what external factors affect oxygenation?
altitude, heat, cold, and air pollution
the higher the altitude, the lower the PO2 an individual breathes. As a result...
the person at high altitudes has increased respiratory and cardiac rates and increased respiratory depth, which usually becomes most apparent when the individual excerises.
Physical activity or exercise increases
the rate and depth of respirations and hence the supply of oxygen in the body.
Sedentary people, by contrast, lack the
alveolar expansion and deep-breathing patterns of people with regular activity and are less able to respond effectively to respiratory stressors.
certain occupations predispose an individual to lung disease.
1.silicosis
2.asbestos
3.anthracosis
4.organic dust disease
1.sandstone blasters and potters
2.asbestos workers
3. coal miners
4.farmers and agricultural employees who work with moldy hay
A variety of medications can decrease the rate and depth of respirations. Most common meds having this effect are..
benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics and antianxiety drugs. (e.g. diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), midazolam (Versed)). barbiturates (e.g. phenobarbital) and narcotics such as morphine and meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol). When administering these th
Upper Airway
nose, pharynx, larynx
lower airway
passageways in the bronchi and lungs
Stridor
a harsh, high pitched sound
Apnea
absence of any breathing
adventitious breath sounds
abnormal breath sounds
eupnea
normal respirations
tachypena
rapid respirations
bradypnea
abnormally slow respiratory rate
hypercarbia or hypercapnia
increased levels of carbon dioxide
hypoxemia
low levels of oxygen
Kussmaul's breathing
a particular type of hyperventilation that accompanies metabolic acidosis, by which the body attempts to compensate for increased metabolic acids by blowing off acid in the form of CO2
cheynes-stokes respirations
marked rhythmic waxing and wanning of respirations from very deep to very shallow with short periods of apnea commonly caused by chronic diseases, increased intracranial pressure, and drug overdose.
Biot's (cluster) respirations
shallow breaths interrupted by apnea; may be seen in clients with central nervous system disorders.
orthopnea
is the inability to breathe easily unless sitting up right or standing
dyspnea
difficulty breathing or the feeling of being short of breath
hypoxemia
reduced oxygen levels in the blood, may be caused by conditions that impair diffusion at the alveolar-capillary level such as pulmonary edema or atelectasis (collapsed alveoli) or by low hemoglobin levels.
hypoxia
insufficient oxygen anywhere in the body, results potentially causing cellular injury or death.
cyanosis
(bluish discoloration of the skin, nail beds, and mucous membranes due to reduced hemoglobin-oxygen saturation) may be present with hypoxemia or hypoxia. cyanosis requires 2 conditions: the blood must contain 5 g or more of unoxygenated hemoglobin per 100
Cerebral cortex can tolerate hypoxia for only______ minutes before permanent damage occurs.
3-5
chronic hypoxemia
client often appears fatigued and lethargic. fingers and toes may be clubbed as a result of long-term lack of oxygen in the arterial blood supply.
what is the physiology of the cardiovascular (CV) system?
Myocardial pump, Myocardial blood flow, coronary artery circulation, systemic circulation
myocardial pump
...
myocardial blood flow
...
coronary artery circulation
...
systemic circulation
...
how does blood flow through the heart?
1. Right Atrium
2. Tricuspid valve
3. Right Ventricle
4.Pulmonic Valve
5. Pulmonary Arteries
6. Pulmonic Veins
7.Left Atrium
8. Mitral Valve
9. Left Ventricle
10.
11.
Congestive Heart Failure
A condition resulting from the heart's inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it; blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body.(Edema seen here)
What is conduction system?
1.SA node (pacemaker) beats at 60-100 beats per minute
2.AV node (back up) beats at 40-60
3.Purkinje fibers (back up) beats at 20-30
Structures of the Pulmonary system?
1.airway
2.lungs
what are the functions of the pulmonary system?
Respiration
Ventilation (breathing)
External Respiration: Alveolar- Capillary Gas Exchange
Internal Respiration: Capillary-Tissue Gas Exchange
Systemic capillaries and tissues: movement of CO2 and O2
What is Pulmonary Ventilation?
1.Breathing
inhalation and exhalation
2.Lung Compliance
elastic recoil and airway resistance
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Tidal Volume (TV)
500 mL
Residual Volume (RV) (forceful exhalation)
1000-1500 mL
Vital Capacity (VC) (inhalation and forceful exhalation)
3000-4500 mL
hypoventilation
A reduction in the amount of air entering the alveoli causing an increase in carbon dioxide concentration and subsequent respiratory acidosis.(caused by either slow or shallow breathing or both)May occur b/c of diseases of the respiratory muscles, drugs,
hyperventilation (physiological stress)
When this occurs, arterial O2 rises and CO2 falls. The person may experience light-headedness and numbness and tingling of the fingers, toes, and around the mouth.
developmental factors
Infants
At birth the fluid-filled lungs drain, the PCO2 rises and the neonate takes a first breath. The lungs gradually expand with each subsequent breath, reaching full inflation after 2 weeks.
developmental factors
changes of aging that affect the respiratory system of older adults become especially important if the system is compromised by changes such as infection, physical or emotional stress, surgery, anesthesia, or other procedures. These
Chest wall and airways become more rigid and less elastic.
The amount of exchanged air is decreased.
The cough reflex and cilia action are decreased.
Mucous membranes become drier and more fragile.
Decreases in muscle strength and endurance occur.
If oste
what external factors affect oxygenation?
altitude, heat, cold, and air pollution
the higher the altitude, the lower the PO2 an individual breathes. As a result...
the person at high altitudes has increased respiratory and cardiac rates and increased respiratory depth, which usually becomes most apparent when the individual excerises.
Physical activity or exercise increases
the rate and depth of respirations and hence the supply of oxygen in the body.
Sedentary people, by contrast, lack the
alveolar expansion and deep-breathing patterns of people with regular activity and are less able to respond effectively to respiratory stressors.
certain occupations predispose an individual to lung disease.
1.silicosis
2.asbestos
3.anthracosis
4.organic dust disease
1.sandstone blasters and potters
2.asbestos workers
3. coal miners
4.farmers and agricultural employees who work with moldy hay
A variety of medications can decrease the rate and depth of respirations. Most common meds having this effect are..
benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics and antianxiety drugs. (e.g. diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), midazolam (Versed)). barbiturates (e.g. phenobarbital) and narcotics such as morphine and meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol). When administering these th
Upper Airway
nose, pharynx, larynx
lower airway
passageways in the bronchi and lungs
Stridor
a harsh, high pitched sound
Apnea
absence of any breathing
adventitious breath sounds
abnormal breath sounds
eupnea
normal respirations
tachypena
rapid respirations
bradypnea
abnormally slow respiratory rate
hypercarbia or hypercapnia
increased levels of carbon dioxide
hypoxemia
low levels of oxygen
Kussmaul's breathing
a particular type of hyperventilation that accompanies metabolic acidosis, by which the body attempts to compensate for increased metabolic acids by blowing off acid in the form of CO2
cheynes-stokes respirations
marked rhythmic waxing and wanning of respirations from very deep to very shallow with short periods of apnea commonly caused by chronic diseases, increased intracranial pressure, and drug overdose.
Biot's (cluster) respirations
shallow breaths interrupted by apnea; may be seen in clients with central nervous system disorders.
orthopnea
is the inability to breathe easily unless sitting up right or standing
dyspnea
difficulty breathing or the feeling of being short of breath
hypoxemia
reduced oxygen levels in the blood, may be caused by conditions that impair diffusion at the alveolar-capillary level such as pulmonary edema or atelectasis (collapsed alveoli) or by low hemoglobin levels.
hypoxia
insufficient oxygen anywhere in the body, results potentially causing cellular injury or death.
cyanosis
(bluish discoloration of the skin, nail beds, and mucous membranes due to reduced hemoglobin-oxygen saturation) may be present with hypoxemia or hypoxia. cyanosis requires 2 conditions: the blood must contain 5 g or more of unoxygenated hemoglobin per 100
Cerebral cortex can tolerate hypoxia for only______ minutes before permanent damage occurs.
3-5
chronic hypoxemia
client often appears fatigued and lethargic. fingers and toes may be clubbed as a result of long-term lack of oxygen in the arterial blood supply.