Digestive,Urinary, & Reproductive Anatomy - Lab # 4

Parotid Gland

Sublingual Gland

Parotid Gland

C - Largest of the 3 Salivary Glands. Can become inflamed by the viral infection known as Mumps. Bad for guys b/c it causes sterility.

Submandibular Gland

Pyloric Sphincter

Fundus

Pyloric

Rugae

Greater Curvature

Lesser Curvature

Sublingual Gland

A - Smallest of the 3 Salivary Glands; produces mainly mucous.

Hard Palate / Soft Palate

D - food is pushed by the tongue against this palate
E - elevates to close path between nasopharynx/oropharynx

Submandibular Gland

B - One of the 3 Salivary Glands. Produces more serous than mucous secretions.

Liver

Secretes 700mL of bile; which emulsifies fat and neutralizes stomach acids. Stores glycogen, converts amino acids into lipids or glucose for energy. Detoxifies harmful chemicals (alcohol) by altering their structure and secretes it into urine.

Gallbladder

A - stores excess bile produced by the liver; secretes bile into duodenum, when needed. Prone to stones.

Common Bile duct

I - The Common Hepatic and the Cystic Duct(s) join to form this Duct. This duct then merges w/ the pancreatic to empty bile into the Duodenum.

Appendix

C - small, wormy "blind alley" that hangs off the Cecum.
Food can get trapped here and cause inflammation.

UES / LES

A - Located in upper/lower ends of the esophagus, both regulate movement of food in/out esophagus. The lower sphincter is also called the Cardiac Sphincter (opening into stomach)

Esophagus

A - Passageway for food to stomach, Contains 2 sphincters : Upper Esophageal, and Lower Esophageal-sometimes called the Cardiac sphincter.

Stomach

Gastric Glands contained in mucous lining produce HCL, Pepsin (protein digestion), Gastrin (hormone) and Intrinsic Factor (B12). Food mixes w/ secretions and becomes CHYME.

Duodenum

First and shortest segment in small intestine. Common Bile and Pancreatic Ducts empty bile and digestive enzymes here.

Pancreas

G - releases insulin and glucagon as an endocrine function. Releases digestive enzymes sent to duodenum via the Common Bile Duct as an exocrine function.

Jejunum

Located between Duodenum and Ileum. Circular folds, villi, and microvilli increase surface area by 600 fold in Small Intestine.

Cardiac Region

D - This region is named b/c it is close to the heart.

Fundus

E - Superior portion of the stomach; allows for the accumulation of gases produced by chemical digestion.

Rugae

G - Submucosa/Mucosa are arranged into large folds in the stomach. These folds allow the stomach to expand.

Pyloric Sphincter

I - Thick ring of smooth muscle; prevents intestinal contents from re-entering stomach. Limits the passage of large food particles or undigested material into the Duodenum.

Cecum

D - Site of Ileocecal Junction, joins Ileum and proximal end of large intestine. The Appendix also attaches here.

Ascending colon

F - Portion of large intestine that extends upward from the Cecum and makes a right turn by the liver.

Transverse Colon

H - Portion of large intestine that extends across from the Ascending Colon to the Descending Colon.

Descending Colon

I - Part of large intestine that extends downward from spleen towards pelvis; where it becomes the Sigmoid.

Sigmoid Colon

K - The S-shaped tube of large intestine located in pelvic cavity, that connects the Descending Colon to the Rectum.

Rectum

B - Straight, muscular tube that begins at the Sigmoid end and terminates into the anal canal

Anal canal

A - 2 to 3 cm of large intestine that connects to the Rectum to the Anus. The smooth muscle here forms the Internal/External anal sphincters.

Anal Sphincter

B - helps with mass movement

Anus

A - exit for feces

Ureter

B - Tube that brings urine to the bladder

Bladder

C - Urine collects here until it is excreted.

Urethra

D - Tube which conducts the urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

Calyx

These are located at the tips of the pyramids (Papilla) and form paths to the renal pelvis for excretion.

Cortex

A - One of the 2 inner layers of kidney

Medulla

B - Innermost layer of the kidney, renal pyramids make up the majority of this layer

Renal Pelvis

F - located in the central cavity of the medulla, filled with fat and connective tissue, formed by Calyces

Glomerulus

A - A bunch of capillaries that resembles a ball of yarn, lies within the indentation of Bowman's Capsule

Bowman's capsule

B- Consists of the enlarged end of a nephron that is indented to form a double-walled chamber. This along with the Glomerulus is called the RENAL CORPUSCLE.

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

C - Fluid enters the RENAL CORPUSCLE and then flows into this tubule. From there it flows into the Loop of Henle

Loop of Henle

D and E - Consists of a descending and an ascending limb. Hairpin shaped portion of Nephron.

distal convoluted tubule

F - fluid from the Loop of Henle flows through this tubule and empties into a collecting duct which carries fluid from cortex to the medulla.

collecting duct

G - Fluid from the Distal Convoluted Tubule empties into this duct, then carries fluid to the medulla.

peritubular capillaries

C - the capillaries surround the Proximal Convoluted and Distal Convoluted tubules and the Loop of Henle.

Vas deferens

Tube that ascends from epididymus to become associated w/ blood vessels and nerves that supply the testes. Also forms the spermatic cord.

Ejaculatory Duct

Located at end of vas deferens, that joins at the ampulla. Seminal vesicles add fluid to the short duct before it joins with urethra

prostate gland

walnut sized gland located directly under the bladder. Is the site of the joining of vas deferens/ejaculatory duct and urethra.

prostatic urethra

portion of the urethra that passes throught the prostate gland.

epididymis

The 'cap' on top of the testes which is packed with coiled tubes and is the site of sperm maturation.

Testes

Pair of oval organs found in scrotum. Spermatogenesis occurs here

Scrotum

2 chambered sacs that house the testes. The Dartos and Cremaster muscles help regulate temperature of the testes by raising/lowering them.

glans penis

Head of penis

corpora cavernosa

these form 2 columns of erectile tissue on the dorsal and sides of penis

Spongy urethra

portion of urethra that extends length of penis and opens at the end.

Corpora Cavernosa

2 columns of erectile tissue on the dorsal and sides of penis.

corpus spongiosum

Smaller column of erectile tissue that is located on ventral side of penis. It expands and forms the cap the glans.

prepuce

Foreskin..

inguinal canal

bulbourethral gland

Pair of small glands located near the base of the penis. Secretes mucous to aid w/ intercourse and acidity of vagina.

spermatic cord

Enters abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal and continues until it reaches the prostate.

Uterus

Cervix

this section is the ____

Fallopian Tubes

Fimbrae

Vagina

Labia Majora

Labia Minora

Clitoris

Mass of erectile tissue, most of which is contained within the body

Mons Pubis

Fatty mass infront of the pubic bone is called the ___ ____.

Meiosis

The nuclear division of dilpoid cells into haploid cells to create gametes (sperm or eggs)

Sperm

The male gamete

Egg

The female gamete

interphase

What meiosis phase is this?

prophase 1

What meiosis phase is this?

metaphase 1

What meiosis phase is this?

Anaphase 1

What meiosis phase is this?

telophase 1

What meiosis phase is this?

prophase 2

What meiosis phase is this?

metaphase 2

What meiosis phase is this?

anaphase 2

What meiosis phase is this?

telophase 2

What meiosis phase is this?

Filtration

One of the 3 process of urine formation that occurs in the Renal Corpuscle. Water, ions are filtered into the tubules. 180 liters of filtrate is made a day. Only 1% becomes urine.

Tubular Reabsorption

One of the 3 process that form urine - Filtrate is recaptured in the Peritubular Capillaries, where water is absorbed by osmosis. 65% of filtrate volume is reabsorbed in the Proximal Tubule, 15^ in the Loop of Henle, and 19% in the Distal tubule and Colle

Tubular Secretion

One of the 3 process that form urine - This is the reverse of tubular reabsorption. Substances move from Peritubular Capillaries into the Renal Tubules to then be eliminated as urine.Plays an important role in balancing blood pH by secreting hydrogen ions

pH of Urine

Normal pH is 4.6 - 8. If value is lower (acid) starvation,dehydration may be present. If value is higher (alkaline) this indicates urinary infection or alkalosis.

Leukocytes in Urine

Occasional WBC's are normal, but values increase with urinary infections.

Nitrite in Urine

A positive result indicates the presence of large amounts of bacteria. Cloudy Urine = an Infection.

Billirubin in Urine

Normally not present or present in trace amounts. This is the product of RBC destruction in the liver. Caused by liver disease or bile tract obstruction.

Albumin (Urine)

small protein molecule that is normally absent or present in very small amounts. High levels may indicate hypertension or kidney disease.

Blood (urine)

Normally not present , hemoglobin may indicate kidney infection or the presence of stone in the kidney, ureters or bladder.

Specific Gravity

Ratio of urine density to water density. Normal range is : 1.001 to 1.030. Lower values represent kidney disease. Higher values indicate high solute concentration which occurs with dehydration or diabetes mellitus.

Ketones (Urine)

A by product of fat metabolism. May be present during fasting, diabetes mellitus, or low-carb diet.

Glucose (Urine)

Normally not present. Trace amounts may be found after consuming meal high in carbs. Continued high levels in urine indicates diabetes or pituitary problems.

Micturition Reflex

Triggered by stretch of bladder walls.Causes bladder to contract and relaxes internal sphincter (Involuntary). Innervation causes the relaxation of the external sphincter and allows urine to flow (Voluntary)

What is the energy source in food

The sun (solar energy)

3 categories of bulk nutrients

Fats, proteins, carbs

Mastication

mechanical breakdown of food

What increases saliva flow?

the senses of taste and smell

Function of duodenum

Main chemical breakdown occurs here w/ bile

What do intestinal lymphatics do?

They carry fats away to be stored in adipose.

Function of the colon?

Compact waste, reabsorbs water. Bacteria in colon aid in digestion and produce vitamin K

Peristalis?

Rhythmic contractions of the intestinal wall

How is glucose stored in the body?

As glycogen. Stored primarily in the liver

3 uses of food

1. Energy source
2. Repair
3. synthesis

Endometrium

the inner lining of the uterus, sloughs off during menstruation.

Endometriosis?

ROUGE endometrium... OUtside the uterus

PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)

complication of STD'S - infection of uterus and fallopian tubes

Vasectomy

surgical procedure where the ductus of the vas deferens is cut and tied off within the scrotum.

Pap Smear

Swab is taken from epitheleal cells on cervix to test for cervical cancer

Where does fertilization take place

Ampulla- upper portion of fallopian tube near ovary

Meiosis VS Mitosis

Meiosis is for sex cells only! Gamate production.
Mitosis is for growth.

Diploid?

Humans contain 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs; which are 2 complete haploid sets

Haploid?

A cell that contains only 1/2 the chromosomes (23) such as the gamates: egg and sperm

Homologous chromosomes

a chromosome with the same gene sequence as another

Metaphase 1

homologues line up on the metaphase plate

Anaphase 1

Spindle fibers pull apart chromatids and each pole ends up with a complete Haploid Set

Metaphase 2

Spindle fibers bind to chromosomes and line up

Anaphase 2

Spindle fibers pull apart chromatids to the opposite side

Layers of abdominal tract walls

Serosa , Muscularis externa, Submucosa, and Mucosa (darker blob) from out to in.

Graafian Follicle