Parotid Gland
Sublingual Gland
Parotid Gland
C - Largest of the 3 Salivary Glands. Can become inflamed by the viral infection known as Mumps. Bad for guys b/c it causes sterility.
Submandibular Gland
Pyloric Sphincter
Fundus
Pyloric
Rugae
Greater Curvature
Lesser Curvature
Sublingual Gland
A - Smallest of the 3 Salivary Glands; produces mainly mucous.
Hard Palate / Soft Palate
D - food is pushed by the tongue against this palate
E - elevates to close path between nasopharynx/oropharynx
Submandibular Gland
B - One of the 3 Salivary Glands. Produces more serous than mucous secretions.
Liver
Secretes 700mL of bile; which emulsifies fat and neutralizes stomach acids. Stores glycogen, converts amino acids into lipids or glucose for energy. Detoxifies harmful chemicals (alcohol) by altering their structure and secretes it into urine.
Gallbladder
A - stores excess bile produced by the liver; secretes bile into duodenum, when needed. Prone to stones.
Common Bile duct
I - The Common Hepatic and the Cystic Duct(s) join to form this Duct. This duct then merges w/ the pancreatic to empty bile into the Duodenum.
Appendix
C - small, wormy "blind alley" that hangs off the Cecum.
Food can get trapped here and cause inflammation.
UES / LES
A - Located in upper/lower ends of the esophagus, both regulate movement of food in/out esophagus. The lower sphincter is also called the Cardiac Sphincter (opening into stomach)
Esophagus
A - Passageway for food to stomach, Contains 2 sphincters : Upper Esophageal, and Lower Esophageal-sometimes called the Cardiac sphincter.
Stomach
Gastric Glands contained in mucous lining produce HCL, Pepsin (protein digestion), Gastrin (hormone) and Intrinsic Factor (B12). Food mixes w/ secretions and becomes CHYME.
Duodenum
First and shortest segment in small intestine. Common Bile and Pancreatic Ducts empty bile and digestive enzymes here.
Pancreas
G - releases insulin and glucagon as an endocrine function. Releases digestive enzymes sent to duodenum via the Common Bile Duct as an exocrine function.
Jejunum
Located between Duodenum and Ileum. Circular folds, villi, and microvilli increase surface area by 600 fold in Small Intestine.
Cardiac Region
D - This region is named b/c it is close to the heart.
Fundus
E - Superior portion of the stomach; allows for the accumulation of gases produced by chemical digestion.
Rugae
G - Submucosa/Mucosa are arranged into large folds in the stomach. These folds allow the stomach to expand.
Pyloric Sphincter
I - Thick ring of smooth muscle; prevents intestinal contents from re-entering stomach. Limits the passage of large food particles or undigested material into the Duodenum.
Cecum
D - Site of Ileocecal Junction, joins Ileum and proximal end of large intestine. The Appendix also attaches here.
Ascending colon
F - Portion of large intestine that extends upward from the Cecum and makes a right turn by the liver.
Transverse Colon
H - Portion of large intestine that extends across from the Ascending Colon to the Descending Colon.
Descending Colon
I - Part of large intestine that extends downward from spleen towards pelvis; where it becomes the Sigmoid.
Sigmoid Colon
K - The S-shaped tube of large intestine located in pelvic cavity, that connects the Descending Colon to the Rectum.
Rectum
B - Straight, muscular tube that begins at the Sigmoid end and terminates into the anal canal
Anal canal
A - 2 to 3 cm of large intestine that connects to the Rectum to the Anus. The smooth muscle here forms the Internal/External anal sphincters.
Anal Sphincter
B - helps with mass movement
Anus
A - exit for feces
Ureter
B - Tube that brings urine to the bladder
Bladder
C - Urine collects here until it is excreted.
Urethra
D - Tube which conducts the urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
Calyx
These are located at the tips of the pyramids (Papilla) and form paths to the renal pelvis for excretion.
Cortex
A - One of the 2 inner layers of kidney
Medulla
B - Innermost layer of the kidney, renal pyramids make up the majority of this layer
Renal Pelvis
F - located in the central cavity of the medulla, filled with fat and connective tissue, formed by Calyces
Glomerulus
A - A bunch of capillaries that resembles a ball of yarn, lies within the indentation of Bowman's Capsule
Bowman's capsule
B- Consists of the enlarged end of a nephron that is indented to form a double-walled chamber. This along with the Glomerulus is called the RENAL CORPUSCLE.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
C - Fluid enters the RENAL CORPUSCLE and then flows into this tubule. From there it flows into the Loop of Henle
Loop of Henle
D and E - Consists of a descending and an ascending limb. Hairpin shaped portion of Nephron.
distal convoluted tubule
F - fluid from the Loop of Henle flows through this tubule and empties into a collecting duct which carries fluid from cortex to the medulla.
collecting duct
G - Fluid from the Distal Convoluted Tubule empties into this duct, then carries fluid to the medulla.
peritubular capillaries
C - the capillaries surround the Proximal Convoluted and Distal Convoluted tubules and the Loop of Henle.
Vas deferens
Tube that ascends from epididymus to become associated w/ blood vessels and nerves that supply the testes. Also forms the spermatic cord.
Ejaculatory Duct
Located at end of vas deferens, that joins at the ampulla. Seminal vesicles add fluid to the short duct before it joins with urethra
prostate gland
walnut sized gland located directly under the bladder. Is the site of the joining of vas deferens/ejaculatory duct and urethra.
prostatic urethra
portion of the urethra that passes throught the prostate gland.
epididymis
The 'cap' on top of the testes which is packed with coiled tubes and is the site of sperm maturation.
Testes
Pair of oval organs found in scrotum. Spermatogenesis occurs here
Scrotum
2 chambered sacs that house the testes. The Dartos and Cremaster muscles help regulate temperature of the testes by raising/lowering them.
glans penis
Head of penis
corpora cavernosa
these form 2 columns of erectile tissue on the dorsal and sides of penis
Spongy urethra
portion of urethra that extends length of penis and opens at the end.
Corpora Cavernosa
2 columns of erectile tissue on the dorsal and sides of penis.
corpus spongiosum
Smaller column of erectile tissue that is located on ventral side of penis. It expands and forms the cap the glans.
prepuce
Foreskin..
inguinal canal
bulbourethral gland
Pair of small glands located near the base of the penis. Secretes mucous to aid w/ intercourse and acidity of vagina.
spermatic cord
Enters abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal and continues until it reaches the prostate.
Uterus
Cervix
this section is the ____
Fallopian Tubes
Fimbrae
Vagina
Labia Majora
Labia Minora
Clitoris
Mass of erectile tissue, most of which is contained within the body
Mons Pubis
Fatty mass infront of the pubic bone is called the ___ ____.
Meiosis
The nuclear division of dilpoid cells into haploid cells to create gametes (sperm or eggs)
Sperm
The male gamete
Egg
The female gamete
interphase
What meiosis phase is this?
prophase 1
What meiosis phase is this?
metaphase 1
What meiosis phase is this?
Anaphase 1
What meiosis phase is this?
telophase 1
What meiosis phase is this?
prophase 2
What meiosis phase is this?
metaphase 2
What meiosis phase is this?
anaphase 2
What meiosis phase is this?
telophase 2
What meiosis phase is this?
Filtration
One of the 3 process of urine formation that occurs in the Renal Corpuscle. Water, ions are filtered into the tubules. 180 liters of filtrate is made a day. Only 1% becomes urine.
Tubular Reabsorption
One of the 3 process that form urine - Filtrate is recaptured in the Peritubular Capillaries, where water is absorbed by osmosis. 65% of filtrate volume is reabsorbed in the Proximal Tubule, 15^ in the Loop of Henle, and 19% in the Distal tubule and Colle
Tubular Secretion
One of the 3 process that form urine - This is the reverse of tubular reabsorption. Substances move from Peritubular Capillaries into the Renal Tubules to then be eliminated as urine.Plays an important role in balancing blood pH by secreting hydrogen ions
pH of Urine
Normal pH is 4.6 - 8. If value is lower (acid) starvation,dehydration may be present. If value is higher (alkaline) this indicates urinary infection or alkalosis.
Leukocytes in Urine
Occasional WBC's are normal, but values increase with urinary infections.
Nitrite in Urine
A positive result indicates the presence of large amounts of bacteria. Cloudy Urine = an Infection.
Billirubin in Urine
Normally not present or present in trace amounts. This is the product of RBC destruction in the liver. Caused by liver disease or bile tract obstruction.
Albumin (Urine)
small protein molecule that is normally absent or present in very small amounts. High levels may indicate hypertension or kidney disease.
Blood (urine)
Normally not present , hemoglobin may indicate kidney infection or the presence of stone in the kidney, ureters or bladder.
Specific Gravity
Ratio of urine density to water density. Normal range is : 1.001 to 1.030. Lower values represent kidney disease. Higher values indicate high solute concentration which occurs with dehydration or diabetes mellitus.
Ketones (Urine)
A by product of fat metabolism. May be present during fasting, diabetes mellitus, or low-carb diet.
Glucose (Urine)
Normally not present. Trace amounts may be found after consuming meal high in carbs. Continued high levels in urine indicates diabetes or pituitary problems.
Micturition Reflex
Triggered by stretch of bladder walls.Causes bladder to contract and relaxes internal sphincter (Involuntary). Innervation causes the relaxation of the external sphincter and allows urine to flow (Voluntary)
What is the energy source in food
The sun (solar energy)
3 categories of bulk nutrients
Fats, proteins, carbs
Mastication
mechanical breakdown of food
What increases saliva flow?
the senses of taste and smell
Function of duodenum
Main chemical breakdown occurs here w/ bile
What do intestinal lymphatics do?
They carry fats away to be stored in adipose.
Function of the colon?
Compact waste, reabsorbs water. Bacteria in colon aid in digestion and produce vitamin K
Peristalis?
Rhythmic contractions of the intestinal wall
How is glucose stored in the body?
As glycogen. Stored primarily in the liver
3 uses of food
1. Energy source
2. Repair
3. synthesis
Endometrium
the inner lining of the uterus, sloughs off during menstruation.
Endometriosis?
ROUGE endometrium... OUtside the uterus
PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)
complication of STD'S - infection of uterus and fallopian tubes
Vasectomy
surgical procedure where the ductus of the vas deferens is cut and tied off within the scrotum.
Pap Smear
Swab is taken from epitheleal cells on cervix to test for cervical cancer
Where does fertilization take place
Ampulla- upper portion of fallopian tube near ovary
Meiosis VS Mitosis
Meiosis is for sex cells only! Gamate production.
Mitosis is for growth.
Diploid?
Humans contain 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs; which are 2 complete haploid sets
Haploid?
A cell that contains only 1/2 the chromosomes (23) such as the gamates: egg and sperm
Homologous chromosomes
a chromosome with the same gene sequence as another
Metaphase 1
homologues line up on the metaphase plate
Anaphase 1
Spindle fibers pull apart chromatids and each pole ends up with a complete Haploid Set
Metaphase 2
Spindle fibers bind to chromosomes and line up
Anaphase 2
Spindle fibers pull apart chromatids to the opposite side
Layers of abdominal tract walls
Serosa , Muscularis externa, Submucosa, and Mucosa (darker blob) from out to in.
Graafian Follicle