The content of the self; that is, our knowledge about who we are.
self concept
The act thinking about ourselves.
self awareness
A way of defining oneself in terms of one's own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other people.
independent view of the self
A way of defining oneself in terms of one's relationships to other people; recognizing that one's behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings and actions of others.
interdependent view of the self
The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings and motives.
introspection
The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values.
self-awareness theory
Theories about the causes of one's own feelings and behaviors; often we learn such theories from our culture (e.g. "absence makes the heart grow fonder")
causal theories
Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one's attitudes; people assume that their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalize.
reasons-generated attitude change
The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs.
self-perception theory
The desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures.
intrinsic motivation
The desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting.
extrinsic motivation
The tendency for people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons.
overjustification effect
Rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done.
task-contingent rewards
Rewards that are based on how well we perform a task.
performance contingent rewards
The idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek an appropriate explanation for it.
two-factor theory of emotion
The first factor in the Two Factor Theory of Emotion is _____________
physiological arousal
the second factor in the Two Factor Theory of Emotion.
seek appropriate explanation for physiological arousal
The process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do.
misattribution of arousal
Theories holding that emotions result from people's interpretations and explanations of events, even in the absence of physiological arousal.
appraisal theories of emotion
The idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change.
fixed mindset
The ideal that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow
growth mindset
The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people.
social comparison theory
Comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are on a particular trait or ability.
downward social comparison
comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are on a particular trait or ability.
upward social comparison
The process whereby people adopt another person's attitudes.
social tuning
The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen.
impression management
The process whereby people flatter, praise, and generally try to make themselves likeable to another person, often of higher status.
ingratiation
The strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves.
self handicapping
Women tend to have ________ interdependence
relational
Men tend to have ________ interdependence.
collective
Reasons-generated attitude change results when people think about the reasons for their attitudes and assume that their attitudes match reasons that are ________ and __________.
plausible, easy to verbalize