The study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people.
social perception
the way in which people communicate intentionally or unintentionally, without words.
nonverbal communication
Nonverbal cues: 1) _________, 2) tone of voice, 3) gestures, 4) body position and movement, 5) the use of touch, 6) gaze.
facial expressions
Nonverbal cues: 1) facial expressions, 2) _________, 3) gestures, 4) body position and movement, 5) the use of touch, 6) gaze.
tone of voice
Nonverbal cues: 1) facial expressions, 2) tone of voice, 3) _________, 4) body position and movement, 5) touch, 6) gaze.
gestures
Nonverbal cues: 1) facial expressions, 2) tone of voice, 3) gestures, 4) _________, 5) the use of touch, 6) gaze.
body position and movement
Nonverbal cues: 1) facial expressions, 2) tone of voice, 3) gestures, 4) body position and movement, 5) _________, 6) gaze.
touch
Nonverbal cues: 1) facial expressions, 2) tone of voice, 3) gestures, 4) body position and movement, 5) the use of touch, 6) _________.
gaze
To express or emit nonverbal behavior, such as smiling or patting someone on the back.
encode
To interpret the meaning of the non-verbal behavior other people express, such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness.
decode
A facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different expression.
affect blend
Culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display.
display rules
Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture; they usually have direct verbal translations, such as the OK sign
emblems
A type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together; for example, many people believe that someone who is kind is generous as well.
implicit personality theory
A description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people's behavior.
attribution theory
The inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character or personality.
internal attribution
The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in; the assumption is that most people would respond in the same way in that situation.
external attribution
A theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs.
covariation model
Information about the extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does.
consensus information
Information about the extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli.
distinctiveness information
Information about the extent to which the behavior between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances.
consistency information
the tendency to infer that people's behavior corresponds to (matches) their disposition (personality).
correspondence bias
The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention.
perceptual salience
Analysing another person's behavior first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behavior, after which one may adjust the original internal attribution.
two-step process of attribution
The tendency to see other people's behavior as dispositionally caused but focusing more on the role of situational factors when explaining one's own behavior.
actor-observer difference
Explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one's failures that blame external situational factors.
self serving attributions
Explanations for behavior that avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality.
defensive attributions
A form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people.
belief in a just world