this philosopher first proposed that we percieve objects through the sense, with the mind
plato
our tendency to focus at any moment on only a limited aspect of all that we are capable of experiencing is called
selective attention
the selective attention effect is illustrated using a figure called the ____ cube
necker
an example of selective attention (limited focus) is the ______ - the ability to attend selectively to only one voice among many others
cocktail party effect
after a brief visual interruption, we fail to notice a change in the environment
inattentional blindness
two forms of the inattentional blindness are
change blindness and deafness
illusions reveal the ways we normally ___ and ____ our sensations
organize and interpret
the tendency of vision to dominate the other senses is referred to as
visual capture
in a contest between hearing and touch, ___ dominates
hearing
according to the ___ school of psychology, we tend to organize a cluster of sensations into a ___ or form
gestalt, whole
our tendency to percieve complete forms involves sensory analysis of ____ ___ processing of stimulus
bottom up
our perception also relies heavily on ___ ___ processing which uses our experience and expectations to interprety sensations
top down
the distinciton between sensation and perception in terms of bottom up and top down processing is still
fuzzy
when we view a scene, we see the central object ___ as distinct from the surrounding stimuli, or ___
figure, ground
proximity, similarity, closure, continuity and connectedness are example of gestalt rules of
grouping
the principle hat we organize stimuli into smooth and continuous patterns is called
continuity
the priniciple that we fill in gaps to creat a complete whole object is called
closure
the gouping of items that look alike is te principle of
similarity
the tendency to perceive uniform or attached time sas a single unit is the principle of
connectedness
the ability to see objects in three dimensions despite their two dimensional representations on our retinas is call
depth perception
depth perception enables us estimate
distance
gibson and walk developed the
visual cliff
the visual cliff test ___ ___ in infants
depth perception
by ___ months, infants demonstrate they are using Gestalt principles (evident in the visual cliff experiment)
3
any cue that requires both eyes
binocular cues
the greater the difference between the images recieved by two eyes the nearer the object
retinal disparity
3D movies simulate this cue
retinal disparity
our perceptions are a construction of our ___
brain
the more our eyes fous inward when we view an object, the nearer the object ___
converges
any cue that requires either eye alone
monocular
if two objects are presumes to be the same size, the one that casts a smaller retinal image is percieved as farther away
relative size
an object partially covered by another is seen as farther away
interposition
objects that appear hazy are seen as farther away
relative clarity
as an object becomes increasingly distant, it appears progressively less distinct
texture gradient
objects lower in the visual field are seen as nearer
relative height
as we move, objects at different distances appear to move at different rates
relative motion
parallel lines appear to converge in the distance
linear perspective
dimmer, or shaded, objected seem farther away
light and shadow
in general, we are (very good/not very good) at quickly detecting the speed of moving objects
very good
larger objects seem to move (faster/more slower) than smaller objects
more slowly
the brains interprets a rapid series of slightly varying images as movement, a phenomenon highlighted by this priniciple
stroboscopic movement
the illusion of movement that results when two adjacent stationary spots of light blink on an off in quick succession
phi phenomenon
our tendency to see objects as unchanging while the stimuli from them change in size, shape, and lightness
perception constancy
perception constancy is a _____ process
top down
perception constancy enables us to identify things regardless of __ __ or ___ by which we view them
angle, distance, illumination
due to shape and size constancy, familiar objects (do/do not) appear to change size or shape despite changes in our ____ images of them
do not, retinal
when distance cues are removed, illusions are
diminished
people who have lived their lives in uncarpentered rural environments are (more/less) susceptible to the muller lyer illusion
less
the brain computes an object's brightness (relative to/independent of) surrounding objects
relative to
the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings is called
relative luminance
thanks to ___ ____ we see objects as having a constant hue relative to surrounding objects
color constanc
the idea that knowledge comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences was proposed by the philosopher
kant
philosopher who maintained that we learn to percieve the world by experiencing it
locke
stdies of cases which vision has been restores to a person who was blind from birth show that upon seeing tactilely familiar objects for the firsy time, the person (can/cannot) recognize them
cannot
studies of sensory deprivation demonstrat that visual experiences durng _____ are crucial for perceptual developement
infancy
infant experience suggests that there is a ___ ___ for normal and perceptual development
critical period
the critical period priniciple explains wyh humans born with a ____, or opaque lens, get surgery immediately
cataract
humans given glasses that shift or invert the visual field (will/will not) adapt to the distorted perception - this priniciple is called
will, perceptual adaptation
animals such as chicks (adapt/ do not adapt) to distorting lenses
do not adapt
when distorting goggles are first removed, most people experience a brief perceptual __, as their perceptual systems continue to compensate for the shifted visual input
aftereffect
a mental predisposition that influences perception is called a
perceptual set
through experience, people acquire perceptual ____, as reflected i children's drawinf as different ages
schemas
our perceptual schemas explains why we recognize
caricatures
our face recognition is expecially attuned to the expressive areas of the
eyes and mouth
how a stimulus is percieved depends on our perceptual schemas and the ___ in which it is experienced
context
the context of a stimulus creates a (top down/ bottom up) signal against it
top down
our perception is also influenced by ____ about gender and the _____ context of our experiences
stereotypes, emotional
psychologists who study the importance of considering perceptual principles in the design of machines, appliances, and work settings are called
human factor psychologists
victims of the curse of knowledge techology developers who assume that others share their ____ may create designs that are unclear to others
expertise
another example of failure to consider the human factor in design is the ___ ___ technology which provides embarrassing headets that amplify sound for people with hearing loss
assistive listening
perception outside the range of normal sensation
extrasensory perception
psychologists who study ESP are called
parapsychologists
the form of esp in which people claim to be capable of reading others minds
telepathy
a person who can sense danger might claim to have the esp ability of
clairvoyance
an ability to see the future is called
precognition
a person who claims to levitate and move objects is claiming to the power of
psychokinesis
analyses of psychic visons and premonitions reveal (hihg/chance level) accuracy
chance level
a major difficulty for parapsychology is that it is consistently not
reproducible