Social Influence
One person's behavior is affected by the words or actions of others.
norms
Socially based rules that prescribe what people should or should not do in various situations.
deindividuation
occurs in group, results in loss of individuality and a tendency to do things not normally done when alone.
social facilitation
The presence of others improves a person's performance.
social impairment
Reduction in performance due to the presence of other people
social loafing
less effort when performing a group task than when performing the same task alone.
conformity
changing one's behavior or beliefs to match those of others, generally as a result of real or imagines, though unspoken, group pressure.
increases with the ambiguity of the situation, as well as with the unanimity and the psychological size of the majorit
compliance
Adjusting one's behavior because of an explicitly or implicit request.
foot in door.
obedience
Changing behavior in response to da demand from an authority figure.
Aggression
An act that is intended to cause harm to another person
frustration-aggression hypothesis
A proposition that frustration always leads to some form of aggressive behavior
environmental psychology
the study of the relationship between behavior and the physical environment.
helping behavior
Any act that is intended to benefit another person.
altruism
An unselfish concern for another's welfare.
arousal: cost-reward theory
Attributing people's helping behavior to their efforts to reduce the unpleasant arousal they feel in the face of someone's need or suffering.
bystander effect
A phenomenon in which the chances that someone will help in an emergency decrease as the number of people present increases
empathy-altruism theory
A theory suggesting that people hep others because of empathy with their needs
cooperation
Any type of behavior in which people work together to attain a goal.
competition
Behavior in which individuals try to attain a goal for themselves while denying that goal to others
conflict
The result of a person's or group's belief that another person or group stands in the way of their achieving a valued goal.
social dilemmas
Situations in which actions that produce rewards for one individual will produce negative consequences if adopted by everyone.
prisoner's dilemma
A social dilemma in which mutual cooperation guarantees the best mutual outcome.
resource dilemma
A situation in which people must share a common resource, creating conflicts between the short-term interests of individuals and the long-term interests of the group
zero-sum game
One person's gains are subtracted from another person's resources, so that the sum of the gains and losses is zero.
task-oriented leader
A leader who provides close supervision, leads by directives, and generally discourages group discussion.
person-oriented leader
A leader who provides loose supervision, asks for group members' ideas, and is concerned with subordinates' feeling
groupthink
A pattern of thinking in which group members fail to evaluate realistically the wisdom of various options and decisions.