Frontal Lobe
The lobe at the front of the brain associated with motor strip. movement, speech, and impulsive behavior. contains Brocas speech area as well as FAA
Front association Area (FAA)
(judgement and decisions made here) center for emotions, many connectinos made with vast areas of brain, interprets sensory info to determine response or emotion, some short term memory, personality and intelligence
parietal lobe
Primary somatice sensory center, portion behind to the frontal lobe, responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch
occipital lobe
portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; visual areas interprets all incoming visual information
angular gyrus
transforms visual representations into an auditory code
Temporal Lobe
Major hearing center, some emotion interpritation; contains Wernickes area;
Wernickes area
fluent speeche, organizes words properly
Brocas area
Frontal Lobe, non fluent; spoken senstances, located next to the motor strip
what problems can cause changes in speech
Lesion Tumors, any neurological deflict (any type of impared blood flow to a certain area that dies or loses function)
Aphasia
loss of speech due to injury or illness
Broca's lesions
poor articulation but okay comprehension
Wernickes lesino
poor auditory comprehensino, okay articulation-- par aphasias--substitute words when you speak
Speech is in which hemisphere
mostly left
Plasticity
the ability of the brain to adapt to damage by reorganizing functions
Left Hemisphere tasks
speech, language, logic, writing
Right hemisphere tasks
art, music, emotions
Cerebral Cortex
the fabric of interconnecting cells that blankets the brain hemispheres; the brain's center for information processing and control
glial cells
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.
corpus callosum
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
sensory cortex/strip
the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
Motor cortex/strip
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
Endocrine System
the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity
adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys and secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress.
pituitary glands
master gland", in conjunction with the brain, controls the other endocrine glands
gonads
reproductive glands-male, testes; female, ovaries
thyroid
part of the endocrine system that produces hormones that regulate metabolism
amygdale
an almond-shaped group of neurons located deep in the temporal lobe that is involved in processing memories and emotional reactions; can cause experiences to have emotional overtones
hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion 4 F's
hippocampus
(SeaHorse) neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage
Limbic System
a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
Cerebellum
the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include communicatino with the motor cortex for coordinating movement and balance
Thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.
Reticular activating system
Part of brain stem involved in arousal and attention, sleep and wakefulness, and control of reflexes.
Medulla
the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
brainstem
The oldest part and central core of the brain, spinal chord, responsible for automatic survival functions
Anatomy of Brainstem
Thalamus, Cerrebellum, RAS, Medulla, basal ganglia
lesion
tissue destruction
MRI
a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain
PET
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
CAT scan
x-ray of the brain through computerized axial tomography,
EEG
electroencephalogram-taces electricity in the brain as it responds to stimuli
neural network
neurons that operate together to perform complex functions
Reflex
an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus
spinal chord
acts as a highway; controls reflexes; carries signals from brain to the rest of the body
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
sympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
autonomic nervous system
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
somatic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system
interneuron
type of neuron that connects sensory and motor neurons
Motor neurons
neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.
sensory neurons
neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system.
peripheral nervous system*
the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord; the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
nervous system
the body's speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
central nervous system
The brain and spinal cord
antagonist
drug which blocks the activity of neurotransmitters
agonist
A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.
endorphins
morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.
acetylcholine
a neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction.
serotonin
neurotransmitter that affects sleep, arousal, mood, appetite; lack of it is linked with depression
dopamine
neurotransmitter that influences voluntary movement, attention, alertness; lack of dopamine linked with Parkinson's disease; too much is linked with schizophrenia
neurotransmitter
a chemical that is released by a neuron for the purpose of carrying information across the gaps (synapses) between neurons
synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
threshold
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane
myelin sheath
a layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibers
axon
the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
dendrites
branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons
neuron
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
axon terminal
the endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored
vesicles
structures at end of terminal branches of the axon, release neurotransmitters
Wernickes area is located in the...
left temporal lobe
Right hemisphere
hemisphere of brain that specializes in visual-spatial processing and quick thinking (abstract)
Left Hemisphere
hemisphere of brain that specializes in speaking, calculating, logic, language processing (concrete)
the left hemisphere controls
the right side of the body, language, speech, verbal memory
the right hemisphere controls
spatial abilities, music, visual memory, left side of body
damage to speech area of brains left hemisphere will result in...
the right hemisphere taking over much of language function
split brain. picture is flashed in left visual field-- be able to...
use left hand to draw the picture
split brain. flash picture in right visual field-- be able to...
verbally report the picture
which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?
Thalamus
split brain. knife is flashed to left hemisphere, and fork to right-- should be able to...
identify the fork using left hand
which brain sturcture recieves information from all senses except smell
thalamus
brain structure provides a major link between the nervous system and the hormone system
hypothalamus
your conscious experience of self identity depends on the normal functioning of the
cerebral cortex
association areas are located in the...
cerebral cortex
strengthening of synaptic connection begins the formation of...
neural networks
the simplists neural pathways
reflexes