Memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Encoding
the processing of information into the memory system
Storage
the retention of encoded information out of memory storage
Retrieval
the process of getting inforamtion out of memory storage
Sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short Term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, before the information is stored or forgotten
Long term memory
relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Working memory
a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing memory ( auditory, visual spatial and retrieval from long term)
Automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental and well learned information
Effortful processing
encoding that require attention and conscious effort
Rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
Spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study
Serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list
Visual encoding
the encoding of picture images
semantic encoding
the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
Imagery
mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
Mnemonic
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically
Iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Echoic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
Long term potentiation
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
Flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant memory or event
amnesia
the loss of memory
implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection (also nondeclarative memory)
Explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (also declarative memory)
Hippocampus
a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
Recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
Recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
Relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular association in memory
Deja vu
that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
Psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
Nature-nuture issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture
Aracuate Fascicuas
The path between Broca's and Wernickes area which leaves a patient with the ability to understand speech but cant form coherent sentences
fMRI
scans that are used to study metal functions which a human is awake
Wernickes Aphsia
able to articulate (speech) language but cant understand it
Brocas Aphsia
not able to speak nor write but is able to comprehend everything