Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt: father of psychology, first psychology lab, used introspections
Structure of the human mind?
Early Approach
Functionalism
William James: stream of consciousness
How our mind allows us to function?
Early Approach
Gesalt
Whole greater than the sum of its parts"
Sensation and perception
Early Approach
Psychoanalytic
Behavior determined by early childhood experiences and unconscious desires
Sigmund Freud
B/W Early and Modern Approaches
Biological
How biology underlies behavior, thought, and emotion
Explained by brain chemistry, genetics, glands, ect.
Developmental
Nature v. nuture
Interaction of genetic and environmental factors
Cognitive
Thought processes and memory languages
How a person thinks about and interprets the situation
Psychodynamic
Unconscious desires and conflict
Psychoanalysis -> inner conflicts and motivation
Humanistic
Free will, self actualization, and self esteem
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Determined striving for your full potential and self-esteem
Behavioral
How we learn through rewards, punishment, and observation
Pavlov/Watson: Classic conditioning
Skinner: Operant conditioning
Learning through experiences
Sociocultural
How thinking/behavior change depending on setting, situation, and culture
Influence of others present and social norms
Evolutionary
Innate, adaptive behavioral patterns
Explained how it may have helped our ancestors survive, based on Darwin's idea of natural selection
Trait
Underlying patterns of stable characteristics
Explained by a person's set of traits, based on ancient Greek's idea of humans and the body
Case Study
An in depth examination of a rare phenomenon that occurred with an individual, small group, or situation
Can study things that would be impossible otherwise
Non representative sample, may not apply to everyone
Ex-Post Facto
Subjects are chosen on a pre-existing condition
Can study things that would be impossible otherwise, keeps it ethical
Non representative sample, confounding variables
Survey
The use of questionnaires or interviews
Can get data quickly from a large sample population
People can lie, very hard to write questions without bias
Naturalistic Observation
Observing participants in their natural environment
People do not change their behaviors, can see all natural, experimenters not able to manipulate
May not see/hear something you thought you did
Longitudinal
One group of subjects is followed and studied for a long period of time
Get a full picture of changes in an individual
Small sample size, goes on for an extensive period of time, confidentiality, examples can drop out of experiment
Cross Sectional
Examines a cross-section and studies them at one time
Shorter, less money
Comparing different people, too many confounding variables
Cohort Sequential
Researchers take a cross section and follow each group for a period of time
Shorter than longitudinal, longer than cross sectional, have chance to see some change in the person
Comparing different people, too many confounding variables
Operational definition
specific definition of how the variable will be setup/measured
correlational research
shows the relationship entre de two plus variables
measures of variability
how does the data differ
range, standard deviation
internal validity
measure of how well the study demonstrates a casual relationship entre de los variables
poor operationalization of variables, lack of standardization, presence of confounding variables, expectancy effects, confirmation bias
external validity
how well the results can be applied to the general population
non-representative sample, setting a task that is too artificial compared to the real world
inferential statistics
used to compare the data b/w control and experimental groups, assess the validity of the results