Harlow
Attachment; cloth/wire monkey experiment
(Infant had stronger bond with cloth monkey - need for affection creates a stronger bond)
Bowlby
Attachment; watched babies, theorized that secure attachment early on leads to ability to develop close personal relationships later in life
Adler
Inferiority complex; will to power and striving for superiority/perfection
Jung
Collective unconscious, anima, animus, dreams
Horney
Neuroticism, concept of womb envy, criticism of penis envy
Cattell
Used factor analysis to determine surface traits and 16 source traits
Allport
Reduced behavioral traits in the dictionary from 18,000 words to 42
Eysenck
Coined the "Big 3" dimensions of personality: psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism
Pavlov
Groundbreaking research with dogs on classical conditioning
Watson
Founder of behaviorism
Skinner
Described different types of reinforcement in his studies of operant conditioning
Bandura
Studied observational learning in his Bobo Doll study; created theory of reciprocal determinism
Kohlberg
Came up with stages of moral reasoning in development of moral judgement
Erikson
Described stages of development
Maslow
Pyramid of needs; peak experiences
May
Existentialist psychologist believed that the individual must bravely face life as it is; discussed four stages of development: innocence, rebellion, ordinary, and creative
Rogers
The founder of the humanistic approach; described an "actualizing tendency"--toward fulfilling your potential
Piaget
Described four stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational); assimilation and accomodation
Asch
Studied compliance by putting subjects in groups, asking simple questions where some assistants had been told to give wrong answers
Milgram
Studied obedience to authority by putting subjects in a situation where they believed they were shocking someone (Yale experiment)
Zimbardo
Studied institutional norms, Stanford prison experiment
Bern
Exotic becomes erotic" theory of development of sexual orientation
Ainsworth
Categorizes babies as securely attached, insecure-avoidant, or insecure-ambivalent
Chomsky
Deep structure of language and the idea of a built-in language acquisition device
Aristotle
Studied the soul; identified reason and physical faculties as separate elements
Plato
Described levels of consciousness in his "Cave
Ekman & Izard
Found that facial expressions of emotions are constant across cultures
Festinger
Cognitive dissonance theory
Gilligan
Stages of moral care: developmental theory for women" Preconventional, conventional, postconventional
Ebbinghaus
One of the first researchers on memory; came up with the idea of using strings of nonsense syllables to research memory
Titchner
Founder of structuralism, the analysis of mental structures
Wundt
Founded the first laboratory in Leipzig; observed and recorded one's perceptions, thoughts, and feelings
James
Studied how an individual adapts to and functions in their environment
Locke
Tabula rasa
Loftus
Rebunked many ideas about repression
Schacter
Two-factor theory of emotion; generalized arousal and appraisal
Martin
Developed the theory of learned helplessness
Gardner
Multiple intelligences
Thorndike
Built puzzle boxes for hungry cats and discovered the law of effect
Binet
Developed the first modern intelligence test
Wechsler
Developed the two new scales that are more popular today for measuring intelligence: WISC and WAIS
Yerkes/Dodson
Organisms perform better at moderate levels of arousal