moral therapy
a philosophy of treatment that emphasized treating mentally ill people with compassion and understanding, rather than shacking them in chains
deinstitutionalization
a policy of reducing the population of mental hospitals by shifting care from inpatient facilities to community-based outpatient facilities
psychotherapy
a verbal form of therapy derived from a psychological framework that consists of one or more treatment sessions with a therapist
psychoanalysis
freud's method of psychotherapy, it focuses on uncovering and working through the unconscious conflicts he believed were at the root of psychological problems
psychoanalysts
practitioners of psychoanalysis who are schooled in Freudian tradition
free association
a technique in psychoalaysis in which the client is encouraged to say anything that comes to mind
dream analysis
a technique in psychoanalysis in which the therapist attempts to analyze the underlying or symbolic meaning of the client's dreams
interpretation
in psychoanalysis, the attempt by the therapist to explain the connections between the material the client discloses in therapy and his or her unconsicous conflicts
insight
iN Freud's theory, the awareness of underlying, unconscious wishes and conflicts
resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking that occurs when therapy touches upon anxiety-evoking thoughts or feelins
transference relationship
in therapy, the tendency of clients to reenact earlier conflicted relationships in the relationship they develop with their therapist
countertransference
the tendency for therapists to relate to clients in ways that mirror their relationships with important figures in their own lives
behavior therapy
a form of therapy that involves the systematic application of the principles of learning
systematic desensitization
a behavior therapy technique for treating phobias through the pairing of exposure in imagination to fear-inducing stimuli and states of deep relaxation
fear hierarchy
an ordered series of increasingly fearful objects or situatios
gradual exposure
a behavior therapy technique for treating phobias based on direct exposure to a serise of increasingly fearful stimuli
modeling
a behavior therapy technique for overcoming phobias and acquiring more adaptive behaviors, based on observing and imitating models
aversive conditioning
a form of behavior therapy in which stimuli associated with undersirable behavior are paired with aversive stimuli to create a negative response to these stimuli
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
a form of therapy that combines behavioral and cognitive treatment techniques
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
developed by albert ellis, a form of psychotherapy based on identifying and correcting irrational beliefs that are believed to underlie emotional and behavioral difficulties
cognitive therapy
developed by Aaron Beck, a form of therapy based on a collaborative effort between clients and therapists that helps clients recognize and correct distorted patterns of thinking believed to underlie therir emotional problems
eclectic therapy
a therapeutic approach that draws upon principles and techniques representing different schools of therapy
group therapy
a form of therapy in which clients are treated within a group format
family therapy
therapy for troubled families that focuses on changing disruptive patterns of communication and improving the ways in which family members relate to each other
couple therapy
therapy that focuses on helping distressed couples resolve their conflicts and develop more effective communication skills
meta-analysis
statistical technique for averaging results across a large number of studies
nonspecific factors
general features of psyuchotherapy, such as attention from a therapist and mobilization of positibe expectancies or hope
placebo effects
positive outcomes of an experiment resulting from participants' expectations about the effects of a treatment rather than from the experimental treatment itself
virtual reality therapy
a form of behavior therapy in which vitual reality is used to stimulate real-world environments that can be used as therapeutic tools
psychotropic drugs
psychiatric drugs used in the reatment of psychological or mental disorders
antianxiety drugs
drugs that combat anxiety
antidepressants
drugs that combat depression by affecting the levels of activity of neurotransmitters in the brain
tricyclics
a class of antidepressant drugs that increase the availability of neurotransmitters in the brain by interfering with the reuptake of these chemicals by transmitting neurons
MAO inhibitors
a class of antidepressant drugs that increase the availability of neurotransmitters in the brain by inhibiting an enzyme, monoamine oxidase, that breaks down or degrades them in the synapse
SSRIs
a class of antidepressants that work specifically on increasing availability of the neurotransmitter serotinin by interfering with its reuptake
antipsychotics
drugs used in the treatment of psychotic distorders that help alleviate hallucingations and delusional thinking
tardive dyskinesia
a potentially disabling motor disorder that may occur following regular use of antipsychotics
ECT
a form of therapy for severe depression that involves the administration of an electrical shock to the head
psychosurgery
brain surgery used to control violent or deviant behavior
prefrontal lobotomy
a surgical procedure in which neural pathways in the brain are severed in order to control violent or aggressive behavior