Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan?
EEG
Surgical destruction of brain tissue is called a
lesion
A brain lesion refers to ________ of brain tissue.
destruction
The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n)
MRI
The concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefulness of a(n)
PET scan
To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n)
fMRI
What is the main difference between an MRI scan and an fMRI scan?
MRI scans measure glucose levels in the brain, fMRI scans measure oxygen levels.
Which of the following techniques would surgeons use in mapping the areas of the brain responsible for specific activities, such as movement or speech?
positron emission tomography (PET)
In creating more effective treatments for pain, researchers would use which of the following techniques for identifying regions of the brain that handle pain?
functional MRI (fMRI)
brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex
The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is
Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the
medulla
Which of the following structures in the brainstem helps coordinate movements and lies above the medulla?
pons
The medulla is to the control of ________ as the cerebellum is to the control of ________.
breathing; walking
In which brain structure are nerves from the left side of the brain routed to the right side of the body?
brainstem
The reticular formation is located in the
brainstem
Severing a cat's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to
lapse into a coma
Which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name?
reticular formation
Your ability to experience the physical pleasure of a hot shower is most likely to be disrupted by damage to your
thalamus.
Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?
thalamus
Which brain structure receives information from all the senses except smell?
thalamus
The little brain attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the
cerebellum
Ellen volunteers during her AP psychology class to try to balance a yardstick on her two fingers. While her eyes are open, she finds the task quite easy. However, when she closes her eyes, she finds the same task almost impossible. Which brain region reli
cerebellum
After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficulty
playing his guitar.
We are usually least consciously aware of the processes and functions of which brain structure?
brainstem
Thinking about sex (in your brain's cerebral cortex) can stimulate a region of the limbic system to secrete hormones. These hormones trigger the pituitary gland to influence hormones released by other glands in the body. Which brain region influences the
hypothalamus
The neural system located at the border between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres is known as the
limbic system
Which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories?
hippocampus
To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat's
amygdala
Which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear?
amygdala
When the cat's amygdala is electrically stimulated the cat prepares to attack by hissing and arching its back. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated by such stimulation?
sympathetic
If Professor Kosiba lesions the amygdala of a laboratory rat, the rat will most likely become
less agressive
The brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the
hypothalamus
The secretions of the pituitary gland are most directly regulated by the
hypothalamus
Addictive drug cravings are likely to be associated with reward centers in the
limbic system
Olds and Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the
hypothalamus
Animal research has revealed a general reward system that triggers the release of the neurotransmitter
dopamine
The thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum is called the
cerebral cortex
Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal functioning of your
cerebral cortex
Nerve cells in the brain receive life-supporting nutrients and insulating myelin from
glial cells
One function of the glial cells is to
provide nutrients to interneurons
The surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of
visual perception.
The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to ________.
seeing; hearing
The parietal lobes are to ________ as the occipital lobes are to ________.
sensing touch; seeing
Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back?
parietal
Which region of the brain will a fMRI show as active when a person is looking at a photo?
occipital lobes
In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head. The once friendly, soft-spoken Gage became irritable and dishonest. Gage's case provided evidence that which region of the brain plays a
frontal lobes
An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements is called the
motor cortex.
Direct stimulation of the motor cortex would be most likely to result in
movement of the mouth and lips.
To trigger a person's hand to make a fist, Jos� Delgado stimulated the individual's
motor cortex.
While mapping the motor cortex, researchers Foerster and Penfield found that
body areas requiring the greatest control occupied the greatest amount of cortical space.
By simply thinking about a move, which activates their brain cells, people may be able to move a robotic arm. This best illustrates
neural prosthetics.
The sensory cortex is most critical for our sense of
touch.
Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs?
sensory cortex
Our lips are more sensitive than our knees to sensations of touch due to which of the following?
A larger area of the sensory cortex is associated with our lips
The auditory hallucinations experienced by people with schizophrenia are most closely linked with the activation of areas in which brain area?
temporal lobes
A PET scan of a patient looking at a photograph of a painting would most likely indicate high levels of activity in which brain structure?
occipital lobes
The association areas are located in the
cerebral cortex
The cortical regions that are not directly involved in sensory or motor functions are known as
association areas
The most extensive regions of the cerebral cortex, which enable learning and memory, are called the
association areas
The region of your cerebral cortex that enables you to recognize a person as your own mother is
an association area.
A stroke patient can recognize the sound of his wife's voice but cannot recognize her face when she stands next to him. Which brain region has most likely been damaged?
the underside of the right temporal lobe
After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly returned to normal. Unfortunately, however, he began to experience unusual difficulty figuring out how to find his way to various loca
association areas
The process of anticipating that you will be punished for misbehaving takes place within the
association areas.
When asked to describe a picture that showed two boys stealing cookies behind a woman's back, a patient replied, Mother is away her working her work to get her better, but when she's looking the two boys looking the other part. Which brain region has most
wernicke's area
In 1861, Paul Broca studied a stroke patient he called Tan. He was called this because as a result of brain damage it was the only word he could pronounce. Based on Broca's early work, which of the following brain regions is involved in speech production?
left frontal lobe
Someone who has difficulty speaking after a stroke is suffering from which of the following?
aphasia
Which brain area is primarily involved with controlling speech?
broca's area
Which brain area is primarily involved with understanding and producing meaningful speech?
wenicke's area
Which brain area is primarily involved with reading aloud?
angular gyrus
Which of the following best describes how the brain processes and controls language?
Subfunctions of speech (such as producing speech, reading aloud, and understanding speech) are processed by different parts of the brain.
If a blind person uses one finger to read Braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as the sense of touch invades the visual cortex. This is an example of
brain plasticity
The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain
plasticity
Teaching a patient to regain the use of an impaired limb by limiting his or her use of the good limb is called
constraint-induced therapy
A person whose hand had been amputated actually felt sensations on his nonexistent fingers when his face was stroked. This best illustrates the consequences of
brain plasticity
The benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in
children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed.
The goal of constraint-induced therapy is to
rewire damaged brains by forcing patients to use a nonfunctioning limb.
After Terry lost a finger in an industrial accident, the area of his sensory cortex devoted to receiving input from that finger gradually became very responsive to sensory input from his adjacent fingers. This best illustrates
plasticity
When Stoyka was a child, a brain disease required the surgical removal of her left cerebral hemisphere. Stoyka is now a successful high school student who lives a normal life. Her success best illustrates the importance of
plasticity
Recent brain research contradicts previously held beliefs, indicating that new neurons are actually formed in the brain. What is this process called?
neurogenesis
Physical exercise and exposure to stimulating environments are most likely to promote
neurogenesis
The ability to recognize faces with the right hemisphere but not with the left hemisphere best illustrates
lateralization
The localization of a function such as speech production to the right or left side of the brain is called
lateralization
Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the
corpus callosum
Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE�ART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked, patients said they saw
ART
Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE�ART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked to point to the word with their left hand, patients pointed to
HE
Split-brain patients have had their ________ surgically cut.
corpus callosum
Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce
epileptic seizures
A picture of a cat is briefly flashed in the left visual field and a picture of a mouse is briefly flashed in the right visual field of a split-brain patient. The individual will be able to use her
right hand to indicate she saw a mouse.
A picture of a dog is briefly flashed in the left visual field of a split-brain patient. At the same time a picture of a boy is flashed in the right visual field. In identifying what she saw, the patient would be most likely to
verbally report that she saw a boy.
The ability to simultaneously copy different figures with the right and left hand is most characteristic of those whose ________ has been cut.
corpus callosum
In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability to
facially express emotions.
Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability to
speak fluently
If primed with the flashed word foot, the ________ will be especially quick to recognize the word heel. If primed with foot, cry, and glass, the ________ will be especially quick to recognize the word cut.
left hemisphere; right hemisphere
A failure to recognize that one's arm or leg is part of one's self is most likely to be associated with damage to the
right hemisphere.
Deaf people who use sign language typically
process language in their left cerebral hemisphere.
Someone trying to figure out an optical illusion is probably experiencing increased brain waves and bloodflow to which brain structure?
right hemisphere
Someone trying to add a long series of three digit numbers is probably experiencing increased brain waves and bloodflow to which brain structure?
left hemisphere
Which brain structure might be most active when answering the question What do the following words have in common: plane, butter, insect?
right hemisphere
A patient who suffered a stroke says that she no longer recognizes herself in a mirror. Which brain structure was likely damaged in the stroke?
right hemisphere
Researchers use dichotic listening tasks to investigate right-left differences in an intact brain. In this task a different verbal stimulus is presented simultaneously to each ear. Findings suggest that participants more quickly recall information heard b
the left hemisphere is dominant in language processing
French psychiatrist Joseph Capgras described a patient who reported that imposters had replaced her husband, children, and herself. Her inability to recognize the faces of her close family members or herself suggests that the
right hemisphere of her brain was damaged.
Research on left-handedness suggests that
genes or prenatal factors play a role in handedness
Consciousness is
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
What is the interdisciplinary study of how brain activity is linked with our mental processes called?
cognitive neuroscience
Which kind of psychological researcher would be most interested in the research question, Do people who lose most of their cerebral cortex in an accident still exhibit signs of consciousness?
cognitive neuroscientist
When looking at a flying bird, we are consciously aware of our cognitive processing (It's a bird!) but not of our subconscious processing of the bird's form, color, distance, and movement. This illustrates what psychologists call
dual processing.
Someone skilled at word processing thinks several letters ahead while typing, whereas a beginner must focus on one letter at a time. A novice is most likely using _________ to complete the task.
conscious serial processing
Which of the following describes evidence for the brain's dual-processing ability?
The brainstem keeps our heart beating while the cerebral cortex maintains awareness of the outside world.
Which cognitive neuroscience term reflects the idea that much of our everyday thinking, feeling, and acting operates outside our conscious awareness?
dual processing
Research into dual processing provides partial evidence for levels of consciousness similar to the levels first described by which psychologist?
Sigmund Freud